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Transverse Wave
16.1 The Nature of Waves
Longitudinal Wave
16.1 The Nature of Waves
Periodic waves consist of cycles or patterns that are produced over and
over again by the source.
The frequency is related to the period and has units of Hz, or s-1.
1
f
T
16.2 Periodic Waves
v f
T
16.2 Periodic Waves
v f
T
v
f
16.2 Periodic Waves
v 3.00 108 m s
AM 244 m
f 1230 10 Hz
3
v 3.00 108 m s
FM 3.26 m
f 91.9 10 Hz
6
16.3 The Speed of a Wave on a String
The speed at which the wave moves to the right depends on how quickly
one particle of the string is accelerated upward in response to the net
pulling force.
tension
F
v
m L linear density
16.3 The Speed of a Wave on a String
High E
F 226 N
v 826 m s
mL
0.208 10 kg 0.628 m
-3
Low E
F 226 N
v 207 m s
mL
3.32 10 kg 0.628 m
-3
16.3 The Speed of a Wave on a String
Individual air molecules are not carried along with the wave.
16.5 The Nature of Sound Waves
Loudness is an attribute of
a sound that depends primarily
on the pressure amplitude
of the wave.
16.6 The Speed of Sound
3kT
vrms
m
kT k 1.38 1023 J K
Ideal Gas v
m
5 7
or
3 5
16.6 The Speed of Sound
There is a rule of thumb for estimating how far away a thunderstorm is.
After you see a flash of lighting, count off the seconds until the thunder
is heard. Divide the number of seconds by five. The result gives the
approximate distance (in miles) to the thunderstorm. Why does this
rule work?
16.6 The Speed of Sound
Bad Y
v v
16.7 Sound Intensity
P
I
A
16.7 Sound Intensity
12x10-5W of sound power passed through the surfaces labeled 1 and 2. The
areas of these surfaces are 4.0m2 and 12m2. Determine the sound intensity
at each surface.
16.7 Sound Intensity
P 12 105 W 5
I1 3.0 10 W m 2
A1 4.0m 2
P 12 10 5 W 5
I2 1.0 10 W m 2
A2 12m 2
16.7 Sound Intensity
For a 1000 Hz tone, the smallest sound intensity that the human ear
can detect is about 1x10-12W/m2. This intensity is called the threshold
of hearing.
If the source emits sound uniformly in all directions, the intensity depends
on the distance from the source in a simple way.
16.7 Sound Intensity
P
I
4 r 2
area of sphere
16.7 Sound Intensity
P
I
4 r 2
16.8 Decibels
The decibel (dB) is a measurement unit used when comparing two sound
intensities.
I
10 dBlog
Io
I
10 dBlog I o 1.00 10 12 W m 2
Io
16.8 Decibels
Audio system 1 produces a sound intensity level of 90.0 dB, and system
2 produces an intensity level of 93.0 dB. Determine the ratio of intensities.
I
10 dBlog
Io
16.8 Decibels
I
10 dBlog
o
I
I1 I2
1 10 dBlog 2 10 dB log
Io Io
I2 I I I I
2 1 10 dBlog 10 dBlog 1 10 dB log 2 o 10 dB log 2
Io Io I1 I o I1
I2
3.0 dB 10 dB log
I1
I2 I2
0.30 log 100.30 2.0
I1 I1
16.9 The Doppler Effect
MOVING SOURCE
v sT
v v v
fo
v sT v f s v s f s
1
f o f s
1 vs v
16.9 The Doppler Effect
source moving
1
toward a stationary f o f s
1 vs v
observer
1
source moving f o f s
1 vs v
away from a stationary
observer
16.9 The Doppler Effect
1 1
f o f s f o f s
1 vs v 1 vs v
16.9 The Doppler Effect
approaching
f o 415 Hz 44.7 m s 477 Hz
1
1 343m s
leaving
f o 415 Hz 44.7 m s 367 Hz
1
1 343m s
16.9 The Doppler Effect
MOVING OBSERVER
vo vo
f o f s f s 1
fs
vo
f s 1
v
16.9 The Doppler Effect
vo
Observer moving f o f s 1
towards stationary v
source
Observer moving vo
away from f o f s 1
stationary source v
16.9 The Doppler Effect
GENERAL CASE
vo
1
fo f s v
1 vs
v
By scanning ultrasonic waves across the body and detecting the echoes
from various locations, it is possible to obtain an image.
16.10 Applications of Sound in Medicine