MALARIA

• It is caused by parasite known as Plasmodium which can transmitted through the bite of female Anopheles mosquitoes.

• When blood is taken from an infected person.

There are three phases of malarial life cycle

Pre erythrocytic cycle Erythrocytic cycle Sporogonic cycle

• PRE – ERYTHROCYTIC STAGE :

• When plasmodium enters into the female anopheles mosquitoes’ gut and salivary glands; this stage is known as sporozoite form.

• This infectious sporozoite form enter into the human blood-stream through mosquitoes bite and occupy hepatocyte (it is a cell of the
parenchymal tissue of the liver)

• Then sporozoite start releasing CS protein and surface portien, which bind to the hepatocyte.

• Due to this invasion of hepatocyte occurs, which requires 60 minutes (at this stage parasites will not detected in blood stream)

• After incubation period of about one to two weeks, this sporozoite undergo for asexual reproduction and converted into schizonts.

• SCHIZONTS : it is the develop form of sporozoite which contains 1000 of merozoites.

• ERYTHROCYTIC CYCLE :

• At this stage of cycle sehizonts are becoming mature in liver.

• Then, it ruptures and spill numbers of merozoites in the blood stream.

• As soon as merozoites enters into the blood stream they invade the erythrocytes of blood and use their energy released from the haemoglobin

• At this stage merozoites are converted to trophozoites.

• This cycle os schizonts rupture, merozoites release in the blood stream occurs again and again which is responsible for the clinical manifestation
of malaria
• SPAROGONIC CYCLE :

• Some of the Merozoites present into the blood stream instead of converted into schizonts they are going to differentiation into male and female
gamates.

• This gamates are going to circulate inside the blood stream until ingested by mosquito in next bite.

• After ingested into the stomach of mosquito stomach that produce zygotes.

• This zygote developed into motile elongated cells which is known as ookinetes.

• Ookinates then penetrates inside the mid-gut wall of mosquitoes and mature into oocytes (female gamates which goes under sexual reproduction).

• Oocytes grow, divide and ruptured into sparozoids.

• Then this sparozoids travel to the salivary gland of the mosquito : through next bite, blood meal, this sparozoids enter into the human blood stream
and cycle goes on.
• SYMPTOMS :

• Headache
• Systemic fever
• Muscular fatigue
• Pain
• Chills
• Sweating
• Dry cough
• Spleen enlargement
• Nausea and vomiting
• PREVENTION

• RIA (Radio Immuno Assay)

• It is an immune assay technique involve the reaction between antigen and its specific antibody by using radioactive isotope

• Radioactive isotope are the atoms of a given element of same atomic number (no of protons) but different atomic mass (no of neutrons)

• Eg., C14 is an isotope of C12 , H2 , H3 are isotope of H6; I125 , I131 are isotope of I 127.

• There radioactive isotopes are unstable isotope that emit particles or electromagnetic radiation.

• There radiation in turns of radioactivity can measured by scintillation counters.

• There are various type of emission done by various radioactive isotope.

• Eg., C14, C3 emits ꞵ particles, while I 125 , I 131 emits gamma rays and the scintillation counters used for this are different for example : ꞵ
emission measured by a liquid.
• Scintillation counter while gamma emission is measured by gamma counter.
• PRINCIPLE :

• This technique is based an the competition between unlabelled antigen and labelled antigen for a limited number of antibodies.

• At the end of reaction time, the reaction tube contain both antigen antibody complex and free antigens (labelled and un-labelled).

• Under standard conditions the amount of labelled antigen bound to the antibody will decreases, if the amount of unlabelled antigen (patient’s
antigen) increase.

• The radioactivity of the bound labelled antigen (Ag*Ab) is measured.

• Therefore, the radioactivity count is inversely proportional to the unlabelled antigen concentration.
• This can be explained by the given example :

• 4Ag* + 4Ab = 4 Ag*Ab

• 4 Ag + 4 Ag* + 4 Ab = 2 Ag*Ab + 2 Ag.Ab + 2 Ag* + 2 Ag

• 12 Ag + 4 Ag* + 4 Ab = 1 Ag*Ab + 3 Ag.Ab + 3 Ag* + 9 Ag

• APPLICATION :

• It is used to estimate the level of various hormones such as insulin, thyrocine etc.

• It is also used to detect tumor markers such as PSA (prostate specific antigen) AFP (Alpha Feto Protein).

• It is also used to detect the level of various vitamins.

• It is also used to detect the presence of drugs digorcine in the blood as serum.
• DISADVANTAGES :
• It is high cost equipments and reagents.
• Radiological hazardous
• Duration of the assay is very long.

• DISADVANATAGES :
• This is highly sensitive method, very small concentration even upto picogram (10 -6) level of the antigen can be detected.
• It is highly specific method.
• ADVANTAGES OF ELISA OVER RIA