ADVANCE RESEARCH

(EDUC 201)
What is Research?

• A research is a careful study that is done

to find and report new knowledge about
something. It is an activity of getting or
collecting information about a particular
subject. – Merriam-Webster Dictionary
According to Best and Kahn (1998), any
attempt to classify types of educational
research poses a difficult problem.

• Every textbook suggests a different

system of classification.
• There is potential confusion with
what we termed the purposes of
research (basic, applied, or action).
All researches involve the elements of
observation, description and the analysis of
what happens under certain circumstances.
 FOUR-POINT ANALYSIS USED
TO CLASSIFY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
1. HISTORICAL RESEARCH describes what was;
involves investigating, analyzing, recording, and
interpreting the events of the past for the purpose of
discovering generalizations that are helpful in
understanding the past and present, and, to a limited
extent, in anticipating the future.

2. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH uses quantitative

methods to describe what is, describing, recording,
analyzing, and interpreting conditions that exist.
3. QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH uses a
non-quantitative methods to describe what is; uses
systematic procedures to discover non-quantifiable
relationship between existing variables.

4. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH describes what will be

when certain variables are carefully controlled or
manipulated; focuses on variable relationships.
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
METHODOLOGIES
Qualitative Research
Methodology
• It is concerned with human beings,
interpersonal relationship, personal values,
meanings, beliefs, thoughts and feelings.
Quantitative Research
Methodology
• It is personally experimental.
• It manipulates variables and control natural
phenomena.
• It makes use of hypothesis and tests them
against the hard facts of reality.
 CONTRAST BETWEEN THE QUALITATIVE
AND QUANTITATIVE METHODOLOGIES
BASIS QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
PERSPECTIVE Outsider Insider
REALITY Stable Dynamic
FOCUS Particularistic Holistic
ORIENTATION Verification Discovery
DATA Objective Subjective
CONDITIONS Controlled Naturalistic
RESULTS Reliable Valid
 CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
• The nature of data dictates the methodology. If
the data is verbal the methodology is qualitative;
if the data is numerical the methodology is
quantitative.
THE METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH
Qualitative Quantitative
Research Research
Data: Verbal Data: Numerical

Descriptive Experimental
Studies Studies
Survey Studies Quasi-experimental
Historical Studies
Studies Triangulation
Statistical-analytical
A compatibility
Studies
procedure designed to
reconcile the two major
methodologies by
eclectically using
elements from each of
the major methodologies
as these contribute to
 TRIANGULATION
• THEORETICAL TRIANGULATION involves the use
of several frames of reference or perspectives in
the analysis of the same set of data.
• DATA TRIANGULATION attempts to gather
observations through the use of variety of sampling
strategies to ensure that a theory is tested in more
than one way.
• INVESTIGATOR TRIANGULATION is the use of
multiple observers, coders, interviewers, and/or
analysis in a particular study.
• METHODOLOGICAL TRIANGULATION is the use
of two or more methods of data collection
procedures within a single study.
Mitchell, (as cited by Leedy, 1993) offers four
principles regarding the application of
methodological triangulation:
1. The research question must be clearly focused.
2. The strengths and weaknesses of each chosen
method must complement each other.
3. The methods should be reflected according to their
relevance to the nature of the phenomenon being
studied.
4. Continual evaluation of the methodological approach
should be done during the course of the study to
monitor whether the first four principles are being
followed or not.
 RANDOM GROUP:

Marigrace F.
Columna
Yvonne T. Pablo
Mayolyn Tomas
Elena B. Timon
Nelvie P. Calanoga

THANK YOU. Aireean Loreto

Minerva America
Honey Leegay P.
Santiago
Vladimir G. Rapanan
Sharmaine Palattao
Joanna Mae B.
Unciano
Darwin Robella