MS. LODELIN G.

NUFABLE
OUTLINE
A. MATHEMATICS
1. TRIGONOMETRY
2. Spherical Trigonometry
3. Solid Mensuration
4. Integral Mathematics
5. Applications
OUTLINE
B . SCIENCE
1. Physics
2. Chemistry
Trigonometry
Trigonometry begins in the right triangle,
but it doesn’t have to be restricted to
triangles. The trigonometric functions
carry the ideas of triangle trigonometry
into a broader world of real-valued
functions and wave forms.

4
Trigonometry Topics
 Radian Measure
 The Unit Circle
 Trigonometric Functions
 Larger Angles
 Graphs of the Trig Functions
 Trigonometric Identities
 Solving Trig Equations

5
Radian Measure
 To talk about trigonometric functions, it is helpful to
move to a different system of angle measure, called
radian measure.
 A radian is the measure of a central angle whose
intercepted arc is equal in length to the radius of the
circle.

r
s  r s 

6
Radian Measure
 There are 2 radians in a full rotation -- once around
the circle
 There are 360° in a full rotation
 To convert from degrees to radians or radians to
degrees, use the proportion

degrees radians

360 
2

7
Sample Problems
 Find the degree measure  Find the radian
equivalent of radians. measure equivalent
3 of 210°
4 degrees radians
degrees radians 
 360 
2
360 
2
210 r
d 3 4 
 360 
2
360 
2 360r  420
2d  270 420 7
r 
d  135  8
360 6
The Unit Circle
 Imagine a circle on the
coordinate plane, with its
center at the origin, and a
radius of 1.
 Choose a point on the circle
somewhere in quadrant I.

9
 The Unit Circle
 Connect the origin to the point,
and from that point drop a
perpendicular to the x-axis.
 This creates a right triangle with
hypotenuse of 1.

10
The Unit Circle
 is the
 The length of its legs angle of
are the x- and y- rotation
coordinates of the
chosen point. 1
y
 Applying the
definitions of the x
trigonometric ratios
to this triangle gives
y x
sin    y cos    x
1 1 11
The Unit Circle
 The coordinates of the chosen point are
the cosine and sine of the angle .
 This provides a way to define functions sin()
and cos() for all real numbers .
y
sin(  )   y
1
 The other trigonometric functions can be
defined from these.
x
cos( )   x
1
12
Trigonometric Functions
 is the
1 angle of
sin( )  y csc( )  rotation
y
1
cos( )  x sec( )  1 y
x
x
y x
tan( )  cot( ) 
x y

13
Around the Circle
 As that point moves
around the unit
circle into quadrants
II, III, and IV, the
new definitions of
the trigonometric
functions still hold.

14
Reference Angles
 The angles whose terminal sides fall in quadrants II,
III, and IV will have values of sine, cosine and other
trig functions which are identical (except for sign) to
the values of angles in quadrant I.
 The acute angle which produces the same values is
called the reference angle.

15
Reference Angles
 The reference angle is the angle between the terminal
side and the nearest arm of the x-axis.
 The reference angle is the angle, with vertex at the
origin, in the right triangle created by dropping a
perpendicular from the point on the unit circle to the
x-axis.

16
Quadrant II
Original angle  For an angle, , in quadrant
II, the reference angle is  

 In quadrant II,
 sin() is positive
 cos() is negative

Reference angle tan() is negative

17
Quadrant III
Original angle  For an angle, , in
quadrant III, the
reference angle is
-
 In quadrant III,
 sin() is negative

Reference angle  cos() is negative

 tan() is positive

18
Quadrant IV
 For an angle, , in
Reference angle quadrant IV, the
reference angle is 2 

 In quadrant IV,
 sin() is negative
 cos() is positive

 tan() is negative

Original angle

19
All Seniors Take Calculus
 Use the phrase “All Seniors Take Calculus” to
remember the signs of the trig functions in
different quadrants.

Seniors All
Sine is positive All functions
are positive

Take Calculus
Tan is positive Cos is positive
20
Angles
 A shape formed by two rays sharing a common
endpoint; contains two rays and a vertex
vertex—point common to two rays
of a triangle or two sides of a
polygon
ray

ray—has one endpoint and goes

infinitely in one direction
vertex
ray
Types of Angles
 Acute angle: An angle whose measure is greater than
zero degrees and less than 90 degrees

Which angles are not acute?

4
1

3
2 5
Types of Angles
 Right angle: Angle that measures 90 degrees

Which angle is a right angle?

4
1

3
2 5
Types of Angles
 Obtuse angle: One angle measures greater than 90
degrees and less than 180 degrees

Which angle is an obtuse angle?

4
1

3
2 5
Straight Angle
 Straight angle: A line that goes infinitely in both
directions and measures 180 degrees

Which is not a straight angle?

2
1

This is a ray. It only goes in

one direction.
Types of Triangles
 Equilateral triangle: A triangle with three congruent
(equal) sides and three equal angles

These marks indicate equality.

Types of Triangles
 Isosceles triangle: A triangle with at least two
congruent (equal) sides
Types of Triangles
 Right triangle: Has only one right angle (90 degrees)

This box indicates a right angle or a

90-degree angle.
Types of Triangles
 Scalene triangle: A triangle that has no congruent
(equal) sides
Types of Triangles
 Name each type of triangle

4
2

1
3
Types of Triangles
 Name each type of triangle

Right 4
2
Scalene

1
3

Equilateral Isosceles
Interior Angles
 Interior angles: An interior angle (or internal
angle) is an angle formed by two sides of a simple
polygon that share an endpoint

 Interior angles of a triangle always equal 180 degrees.

 Measuring Angles
 You measure angles with a protractor.
Notice there are two scales. Be careful which 0 you start at.

900

This point This

is 0 point is 0.

This point goes at the vertex of the angle

 Special Right Triangles

Angles measured in degrees:

1
sin 45  cos 45  and tan 45  1
2

Angles measured in radians:

1
sin  / 4  cos  / 4  and tan  / 4  1
2

35
 Special Right Triangles

Angles measured in degrees:

1
sin 30  cos 60 
2
3
sin 60  cos30 
2
1
tan 60   3
tan 30
36
The 16-Point Unit Circle

37
Graphs of the Trig Functions
 Sine
 The most fundamental sine wave, y = sin(x),
has the graph shown.
 It fluctuates from 0 to a high of 1, down to –1, and back
to 0, in a space of 2.

38
Graphs of the Trig Functions
 The graph of y  a sin b( x  h)  k is determined by
four numbers, a, b, h, and k.
 The amplitude, a, tells the height of each peak and the
depth of each trough.
 The frequency, b, tells the number of full wave patterns
that are completed in a space of 2.
2
 The period of the function is
b
 The two remaining numbers, h and k, tell the
translation of the wave from the origin.

39
Sample Problem
 Which of the following
5
equations best describes the
4
3
graph shown?
2  (A) y = 3sin(2x) - 1
1  (B) y = 2sin(4x)
2 1 1 2
1
 (C) y = 2sin(2x) - 1
2  (D) y = 4sin(2x) - 1
3
 (E) y = 3sin(4x)
4
5

40
Sample Problem
5  Find the baseline between the
4
high and low points.
3
2
 Graph is translated -1
1 vertically.
2 1 1 2  Find height of each peak.
1
 Amplitude is 3
2
3  Count number of waves in 2
4
 Frequency is 2
5

y = 3sin(2x) - 1
41
Graphs of the Trig Functions
 Cosine
 The graph of y = cos(x) resembles the graph of y
= sin(x) but is shifted, or translated, units to
the left.
 It fluctuates from 1
to 0, down to –1,
back to 0 and up to
1, in a space of 2.

42
Graphs of the Trig Functions
 The values of a, b, h, and k change the shape
and location of the wave as for the sine.
y  a cos b( x  h)  k

Amplitude a Height of each peak

Frequency b Number of full wave patterns
Period 2/b Space required to complete wave
Translation h, k Horizontal and vertical shift

43
Sample Problem
 Which of the following
equations best describes the
graph?
8
 (A) y = 3cos(5x) + 4
6
 (B) y = 3cos(4x) + 5
 (C) y = 4cos(3x) + 5 4

 (D) y = 5cos(3x) + 4 2

 (E) y = 5sin(4x) + 3
2 1 1 2

44
Sample Problem
 Find the baseline
8
 Vertical translation + 4
6
 Find the height of peak
4
 Amplitude = 5
2
 Number of waves in 2
 Frequency =3 2 1 1 2

y = 5 cos(3x) + 4

45
Graphs of the Trig Functions
 Tangent
 The tangent function has a
discontinuous graph, repeating
in a period of .
 Cotangent
 Like the tangent, cotangent is
discontinuous.
 Discontinuities of the cotangent
are units left of those for
tangent.

2

46
Graphs of the Trig Functions
 Secant and Cosecant
 The secant and cosecant functions are the reciprocals of
the cosine and sine functions respectively.
 Imagine each graph is balancing on the peaks and
troughs of its reciprocal function.

47
Trigonometric Identities
 An identity is an equation which is true for all values of
the variable.
 There are many trig identities that are useful in
changing the appearance of an expression.
 The most important ones should be committed to
memory.

48
Trigonometric Identities
 Reciprocal Identities  Quotient Identities

1
sin x  sin x
csc x tan x 
cos x
1
cos x  cos x
sec x cot x 
sin x
1
tan x 
cot x
49
Trigonometric Identities
 Cofunction Identities
 The function of an angle = the
cofunction of its complement.
sin x  cos(90  x)


sec x  csc(90  x)


tan x  cot(90  x)


50
 Trigonometric Identities
 Pythagorean
Identities
 The fundamental sin x  cos x  1
2 2

Pythagorean identity
 Divide the first by sin2x
 Divide the first by cos2x
1  cot x  csc x
2 2
tan x  1  sec x
2 2

51
Trigonometric Identities
cos 2  cos 2   sin 2  2sin  cos   sin(   )  sin(   )
cos 2  1  2sin 2 
cos 2  2cos 2   1 2cos cos   cos(   )  cos(   )

sin 2  2sin  cos  2sin  sin   cos(   )  cos(   )

2 tan 
tan 2 
1  tan 2 
52
Trigonometric Identities
cos(   )  cos cos   sin  sin 
cos(   )  cos cos   sin  sin 

sin(   )  sin  cos   cos sin 

sin( -  )  sin  cos   cos sin 

tan   tan 
tan(   ) 
1  tan  tan 
tan   tan 
tan(   ) 
53
1  tan  tan 
Solving Trig Equations
 Solve trigonometric equations by following these
steps:
 If there is more than one trig function, use identities to
simplify
 Let a variable represent the remaining function
 Solve the equation for this new variable
 Reinsert the trig function
 Determine the argument which will produce the desired
value

54
Solving Trig Equations
 To solving trig equations:
 Use identities to simplify

 Let variable = trig function

 Solve for new variable

 Reinsert the trig function

 Determine the argument

55
 Sample Problem
 Solve 3  3 sin x  2 cos x  0
2

3  3 sin x  2 cos 2 x  0
3  3 sin x  2(1  sin 2 x)  0
1  3 sin x  2 sin 2 x  0
(1  2 sin x)(1  sin x)  0
1
sin x  or sin x  1
2
x  30 ,150 or x  90
56
Law of Sines and Cosines
 All these relationships are based on the assumption
that the triangle is a right triangle.
 It is possible, however, to use trigonometry to solve for
unknown sides or angles in non-right triangles.

57
Solving Oblique Triangles
 Solving an oblique triangle: Finding the missing
lengths of the sides and missing measures of the
angles
 Must know one side, together with
 Two angles
 One angle and one other side
 The other two sides
Solving Oblique Triangles
 Known information:
 One side and two angles: (ASA, SAA)
 Two sides and angle opposite one of them: (SSA)
 Two sides and the included angle (SAS)
 All three sides (SSS)
Solving Oblique Triangles
 Oblique Triangle: A triangle which is not a right
triangle
 Can have three acute angles, or
 Two acute angles and one obtuse angle (an angle
between 90± and 180±)
Solving Oblique Triangles
 Convention:
 ® is always the angle opposite side a
 ¯ is always the angle opposite side b
 ° is always the angle opposite side c
Law of Sines
 Theorem. [Law of Sines]
For a triangle with sides a, b, c and opposite angles ®,
¯, °, respectively

 Law of Sines can be used to solve ASA, SAA and SSA

triangles
 Use the fact that ® + ¯ + ° = 180±
Solving SAA Triangles
 Example.
Problem: If b = 13, ® = 65±, and ¯ = 35±, find a, c and °
Answer:
Solving ASA Triangles
 Example.
Problem: If c = 2, ® = 68±, and ¯ = 40±, find a, b and °
Answer:
Solving SSA Triangles
 Ambiguous Case
 Information may result in
 One solution
 Two solutions
 No solutions
Solving SSA Triangles
 Example.
Problem: If a = 7, b = 9 and ¯ = 49±, find c, ® and °
Answer:
 Law of Sines
a b c
 
sin( A) sin( B) sin(C )
 In geometry, you learned that the largest angle
of a triangle was opposite the longest side, and
the smallest angle opposite the shortest side.
 The Law of Sines says that the ratio of a side to
the sine of the opposite angle is constant
throughout the triangle.

68
Law of Sines
 In ABC, mA = 38, mB = 42, and BC = 12 cm.
Find the length of side AC.
 Draw a diagram to see the position of the given angles
and side.
 BC is opposite A
 You must find AC, the side opposite B.

A B
69
Law of Sines
 .... Find the length of side AC.
 Use the Law of Sines with mA = 38, mB = 42,
and BC = 12

a b 12 sin 42  b sin 38


sin( A) sin( B) 12 sin 42
b
12 b sin 38

sin(38 ) sin(42  )
 8.029
 13.041
13.042
70
Warning
 The Law of Sines is useful when you know
 the sizes of two sides and one angle or
 two angles and one side.
 However, the results can be ambiguous if the given
information is two sides and an angle other than the
included angle (ssa).

71
Law of Cosines
 Theorem. [Law of Cosines]
For a triangle with sides a, b, c and opposite angles ®,
¯, °, respectively

 Law of Cosines can be used to solve SAS and SSS

triangles
Law of Cosines
 Theorem. [Law of Cosines - Restated]
The square of one side of a triangle equals the sum of
the squares of the two other sides minus twice their
product times the cosine of the included angle.
 The Law of Cosines generalizes the Pythagorean
Theorem
 Take ° = 90±
 Law of Cosines

 If you apply the Law of Cosines to a right

triangle, that extra term becomes zero, leaving
just the Pythagorean Theorem.
 The Law of Cosines is most useful
 when you know the lengths of all three sides and need
to find an angle, or
 when you two sides and the included angle.

75
Law of Cosines
 Triangle XYZ has sides of lengths 15, 22, and 35.
Find the measure of the angle C.

c  a  b  2ab cos(C )
2 2 2

15 C 22 352  152  22 2  2  15  22  cos(C )

1225  225  484  660 cos(C )
35
1225  709  660 cos(C )
76
Law of Cosines
 ... Find the measure of the largest angle of the triangle.


516 660 cos(C )
15 22 
516 
cos(C )   .7818
35 660
C  cos1 (  .7818)  1414
. 

77
Solving SSA Triangles
 Example.
Problem: If a = 5, b = 4 and ¯ = 80±, find c, ® and °
Answer:
Solving SSA Triangles
 Example.
Problem: If a = 17, b = 14 and ¯ = 25±, find c, ® and °
Answer:
Solving Applied Problems
 Example.
Problem: An airplane is sighted at the same time by two
ground observers who are 5 miles apart and both
directly west of the airplane. They report the angles of
elevation as 12± and 22±. How high is the airplane?
Solution:
Key Points
 Solving Oblique Triangles
 Law of Sines
 Solving SAA Triangles
 Solving ASA Triangles
 Solving SSA Triangles
 Solving Applied Problems
Solving SAS Triangles
 Example.
Problem: If a = 5, c = 9, and ¯ = 25±, find b, ® and °
Answer:
Solving SSS Triangles
 Example.
Problem: If a = 7, b = 4, and c = 8, find ®, ¯ and °
Answer:
Solving Applied Problems
 Example. In flying the 98 miles from Stevens Point
to Madison, a student pilot sets a heading that is
11± off course and maintains an average speed of 116
miles per hour. After 15 minutes, the instructor
notices the course error and tells the student to
correct the heading.
(a) Problem: Through what angle will the plane move to
correct the heading?
Answer:
(b) Problem: How many miles away is Madison when the
plane turns?
Answer:
Key Points
 Law of Cosines
 Solving SAS Triangles
 Solving SSS Triangles
 Solving Applied Problems
1-Aug-19
Instant Trig
 Trigonometry is math, so many people find it scary
 It’s usually taught in a one-semester high-school
course
 However, 95% of all the “trig” you’ll ever need to know
can be covered in 15 minutes
 And that’s what we’re going to do now
Angles add to 180°
 The angles of a triangle always add up to 180°
20°
44°

30°
68° 68° 120°

20°
44°
30°
68°
+ 130°
+ 68°
180°
180°
Right triangles
 We only care about right triangles
 A right triangle is one in which one of the angles is 90°
 Here’s a right triangle:
Here’s the angle
we are looking at
Here’s the
opposite

right angle

adjacent

 We call the longest side the hypotenuse

 We pick one of the other angles--not the right angle
 We name the other two sides relative to that angle
The Pythagorean Theorem
 If you square the length of
the two shorter sides and add
them, you get the square of
the length of the hypotenuse

 adj2 + opp2 = hyp2

 32 + 42 = 52, or 9 + 16 = 25

 hyp = sqrt(adj2 + opp2)

 5 = sqrt(9 + 16)
5-12-13
 There are few triangles with
integer sides that satisfy the
Pythagorean formula
 3-4-5 and its
multiples (6-8-10, etc.) opp
are the best known adj
 5-12-13 and its multiples
form another set

 25 + 144 = 169
Ratios

opposite
 Since a triangle has three
sides, there are six ways to
divide the lengths of the sides adjacent

 Each of these six ratios has a

name (and an abbreviation)
 Three ratios are most used:
 sine = sin = opp / hyp
 cosine = cos = adj / hyp
 tangent = tan = opp / adj
 The ratios depend on the
shape of the triangle (the
angles) but not on the size
opposite

 The other three ratios are

redundant with these and can adjacent
be ignored
Using the ratios
 With these functions, if you know an angle (in addition to the
right angle) and the length of a side, you can compute all
other angles and lengths of sides

opposite
adjacent

 If you know the angle marked in red (call it A) and you know
the length of the adjacent side, then
 tan A = opp / adj, so length of opposite side is given by
opp = adj * tan A
 cos A = adj / hyp, so length of hypotenuse is given by
hyp = adj / cos A
Java methods in java.lang.Math
 public static double sin(double a)
 If a is zero, the result is zero

 public static double cos(double a)

 public static double sin(double a)
 If a is zero, the result is zero

 However: The angle a must be measured in radians

 Fortunately, Java has these additional methods:
 public static double toRadians(double degrees)
 public static double toDegrees(double radians)
The hard part
 If you understood this lecture, you’re in great shape for
doing all kinds of things with basic graphics
 Here’s the part I’ve always found the hardest:
 Memorizing the names of the ratios

opposite
 sin = opp / hyp
 cos = adj / hyp adjacent
 tan = opp / adj
Mnemonics from wikiquote
 The formulas for right-triangle trigonometric
functions are:
 Sine = Opposite / Hypotenuse
 Cosine = Adjacent / Hypotenuse
 Tangent = Opposite / Adjacent
 Mnemonics for those formulas are:
 Some Old Horse Caught Another Horse Taking Oats
Away
 Saints On High Can Always Have Tea Or Alcohol
Drawing a “Turtle”
You want to move h units in the
angle  direction, to (x1, y1):

hyp
opp

You are at: (x, y) adj

So you make a right triangle...

And you label it...
And you compute:
x1 = x + adj = x + hyp * (adj/hyp) = x + hyp * cos 
y1 = y - opp = y - hyp * (opp/hyp) = y - hyp * sin 
This is the first point in your “Turtle” triangle
Find the other points similarly...
Laws of Sines and Cosines
 Law of Sines:
b
A
C
a b c
  c
sin A sin B sin C a
 Law of Cosines: B

c 2  a 2  b 2  2ab cos C
98
Right Triangle
Trigonometric Functions of Acute Angles
 Right triangle: Triangle in which one angle is a right
angle
 Hypotenuse: Side opposite the right angle in a right
triangle
 Legs: Remaining two sides in a right triangle
Trigonometric Functions of Acute Angles
 Non-right angles in a right triangle must be acute (0±
< µ < 90±)
 Pythagorean Theorem: a2 + b2 = c2
Trigonometric Functions of Acute Angles

These functions will all be

positive
Trigonometric Functions of Acute Angles
 Example.
Problem: Find the exact value of the six trigonometric
functions of the angle µ
Answer:
Complementary Angle Theorem
 Complementary angles: Two acute angles whose sum
is a right angle
 In a right triangle, the two acute angles are
complementary
Complementary Angle Theorem
Complementary Angle Theorem
 Cofunctions:
 sine and cosine
 tangent and cotangent
 secant and cosecant
 Theorem. [Complementary Angle Theorem]
Cofunctions of complementary angles are equal
Complementary Angle Theorem
 Example
Problem: Find the exact value of
tan 12± { cot 78± without using a calculator
Answer:
Solving Right Triangles
 Convention:
 ® is always the angle opposite side a
 ¯ is always the angle opposite side b
 Side c is the hypotenuse
 Solving a right triangle: Finding the missing
lengths of the sides and missing measures of the
angles
 Convention:
 Express lengths rounded to two decimal places
 Express angles in degrees rounded to one decimal place
Solving Right Triangles
 We know:
 a2 + b2 = c2
 ® + ¯ = 90±
Solving Right Triangles
 Example.
Problem: If b = 6 and ¯ = 65±, find a, c and ®
Answer:
Solving Right Triangles
 Example.
Problem: If a = 8 and b = 5, find c, ® and ¯
Answer:
Applications of Right Triangles
 Angle of Elevation
 Angle of Depression
Applications of Right Triangles
 Example.
Problem: The angle of elevation of the Sun is 35.1± at the
instant it casts a shadow 789 feet long of the
Washington Monument. Use this information to
calculate the height of the monument.
Answer:
Applications of Right Triangles
 Direction or Bearing from a point O to a point P :
Acute angle µ between the ray OP and the vertical line
through O
Key Points
 Trigonometric Functions of Acute Angles
 Complementary Angle Theorem
 Solving Right Triangles
 Applications of Right Triangles
The End