Basic Flight Principles

Prepared By:
Augustine E. Buenaventura
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Lift

• In order for an
aircraft to rise
into the air, a
force must be
created that
equals or
exceeds the
force of gravity.
• It is the upward
force created by
an airfoil when
it is moved
through the air.
 How Does Lift Generated??

• Continuity Equation • Bernoulli`s Equation

States that loss of flow area, states that an increase in

must lead to an increase in velocity leads to an decrease
velocity. in pressure. Thus the higher
the velocity of the flow, the
lower the pressure.
How Does Lift Generated??
 Drag
• the rearward acting
force which resists the
forward movement of
the airplane through
the air.
• Every part of the
airplane which is
exposed to the air
while the airplane is in
motion produces some
resistance and
contributes to the
total drag.
Types of Drag

 Parasite Drag
 Induced Drag
 Wave Drag
 Parasite Drag

drag that results when

an object is moved
through a fluid
medium.
In the case of
aerodynamic drag, the
fluid medium is the
atmosphere.
Form Drag
 arises because of the shape
of the object.
 bodies with a larger
presented cross-section will
have a higher drag than
thinner bodies; sleek
("streamlined") objects
have lower form drag.
Skin Friction Drag
 arises from the friction of
the fluid against the "skin"
of the object that is moving
through it.
 . Air in contact with a body
will stick to the body's
surface and that layer will
tend to stick to the next
layer of air and that in turn
to further layers, hence the
body is dragging some
amount of air with it.
Interference Drag
 drag that is generated by
the mixing of airflow
streamlines between
airframe components such
as the wing and the
fuselage, the engine pylon
and the wing
 Induced Drag

occurs in airplanes due

to wings or a lifting
body redirecting air to
cause lift and in cars
with airfoil wings that
redirect air to cause a
downforce.
 Wave Drag

drag that is created when a

body moves in a compressible
fluid and at speeds that are
close to the speed of sound in
that fluid.
Weight
• It is the
downward force
which tends to
draw all bodies
vertically toward
the center of the
Earth.

• The airplane's
center of gravity
(CG) is the point
on the airplane at
which all weight
is considered to
be concentrated.
Thrust
• The engine
creates thrust
and moves the
plane forward.
• The propeller,
acting as an
airfoil, produces
the thrust, or
forward force
that pulls
(pushes) the
airplane through
the air.
Aviation History in the Philippines
Prepared By:
Augustine E. Buenaventura
• Legislative Act No. 3909 passed by the Philippine
Legislative on November 20, 1931 created an Office
under the Department of Commerce and
Communications to handle aviation matters,
particularly the enforcement of rules and regulations
governing commercial aviation as well as private
flying
• On November 12, 1936, the Philippine Legislative
passed Commonwealth Act No. 168, better known as
the Civil Aviation Law of the Philippines which
created the Bureau of Aeronautics.
• On June 20, 1952, Republic Act No. 776, otherwise
known as the Civil Aeronautics Act of the Philippines
reorganized the Civil Aeronautics Board and the Civil
Aeronautics Administration. It defined the powers
and duties of both agencies including the funds,
personnel and the regulations of Civil Aviation.
• On March 4, 2008, Republic Act No. 9497 renamed
the Air Transportation Office the Civil Aviation
Authority of the Philippines headed by the Director
General of Civil Aviation.