CONCRETE

CONCRETE
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1 : DIV 03
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement 1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
1.01 LIME
3.01 Definition One of the oldest manufactured building materials used
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete as a mortar and plaster by all the early civilizations:
3.03 Materials of Concrete
3.04 slump test • Egyptians used lime plaster before 2600 B.C.
3.05 Proportioning • Greeks used it extensively for mortars and plasters
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting and
• Romans developed a mixture of lime putty and volcanic
Placing ash for the first real cement.
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Lightweight Concrete

Manufactured by the calcination of limestone

(carbonates of calcium and magnesium).
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
The carbonates decompose
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities of Good
into carbon dioxide, which is
Concrete
expelled, and calcium oxide
3.03 Materials of Concrete
3.04 slump test
(CaO) called quicklime.
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting and
Placing Before quicklime can be
3.08 Shrinkage
used, it must first be mixed
3.09 Curing Quicklime
3.10 Admixtures
with water in the process
3.11 Forms called slaking or hydration.
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Lightweight Concrete
The lime has now become
calcium hydroxide
(Ca(OH)2), known as slaked
lime or hydrated lime.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
Hydrated lime mixed with water to make lime putty, is used
3.02 Qualities of Good as an ingredient of hard-finish coat for two-and three-coat
Concrete
3.03 Materials of Concrete
Portland cement plasters. It is also used for mixing with
3.04 slump test cement mortar or concrete to:
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting and
• increase its workability
Placing • decrease its permeability
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
to water
3.10 Admixtures • reduce cracking due to
3.11 Forms shrinkage
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete A type of lime which will
4.02 Aggregates for
Lightweight Concrete
set under water is
hydraulic lime, used only
where slow underwater
setting is required.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement 1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
1.02 GYPSUM
3.01 Definition
Gypsum, like lime, was used as
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete a plaster by the Egyptians,
3.03 Materials of Concrete
Greeks and Romans.
3.04 slump test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
“Plaster” from the Greek word for
3.07 Transporting and both the raw material and
Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
calcined product. In architectural
3.09 Curing terminology the words “Plaster”
3.10 Admixtures and “gypsum” are often used
3.11 Forms
interchangeably.
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete
Gypsum rock is ground fine and heated (calcined) to between
4.02 Aggregates for 325 F. to 340 F. when it loses about three-fourths of its
Lightweight Concrete
combined water.
The remaining product is Plaster of Paris if pure gypsum is
used, or hard wall plaster if 39.5 % impurities are present or
added to retard the set and improve the setting qualities. Hard
wall plaster is harder than lime plaster, sets more quickly and
thoroughly.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
Gypsum plaster is rendered
3. CONCRETE more plastic by the addition of
3.01 Definition hydrated lime.
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of Concrete
Fiber or hair is also sometimes
3.04 slump test added for greater cohesiveness.
3.05 Proportioning The fiber may be hemp, sisal or
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting and
jute; the hair is generally
Placing cleaned goat or cattle hair.
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Lightweight Concrete
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement 1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
1.03 CEMENT
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities of Good First developed by the Romans by mixing slaked lime with
Concrete
pozzolana (volcanic ash) which hardened under water.
3.03 Materials of Concrete
3.04 slump test
3.05 Proportioning
With the fall of the Roman Empire the art of cement-making
3.06 Mixing was lost and for several centuries.
3.07 Transporting and
Placing
3.08 Shrinkage In 1756, Smeaton, an Englishman,
3.09 Curing rediscovered hydraulic cement but it
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
was not until 1824 that Aspdin, an
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE English bricklayer and mason,
4.01 Types of Processed invented and patented Portland
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
cement.
Lightweight Concrete
Today, the word “cement” generally
refers to Portland cement which is the
principal type of cement in use.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement Portland cement is obtained
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT by finely pulverizing clinker
3. CONCRETE
produced by calcining a
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities of Good
proportioned mixture of
Concrete
argillaceous (silica, alumina)
3.03 Materials of Concrete
3.04 slump test
and calcareous (lime)
3.05 Proportioning materials with iron oxide and
3.06 Mixing
small amounts of other
3.07 Transporting and
Placing ingredients.
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
Types of Portland cement:
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
• slow-setting cement
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE • quick-setting high early
4.01 Types of Processed strength cement
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for • sulfate-resisting cement for
Lightweight Concrete
applications where alkaline
water and soils occur
• white cement (or stainless
cement which is free of iron
impurities).
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement 2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
Cement should be protected at
3.01 Definition the building site from injury
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete
through contact with dampness.
3.03 Materials of Concrete
3.04 slump test They should be stored in shed
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
with a wood floor raised about
3.07 Transporting and 300mm (12”) from the
Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
ground.
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures Cement is soft and silky to the touch. If it has lumps do not
3.11 Forms readily break, the cement has already absorbed a damaging
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
amount of moisture.
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Lightweight Concrete
Cement should be used as soon as possible after delivery.

Piles should be limited to twelve sacks in height.

Warehouse set - when the cement is stored in high piles for

long periods, there is a tendency for the lower layers to harden
caused by the pressure above.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement 3. CONCRETE
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3.01 DEFINITION
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
Concrete is:
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete • a proportioned mixture of cement, aggregate and water.
3.03 Materials of Concrete
3.04 slump test • a plastic mass which can be cast, molded or formed into
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
predetermined size or shape
3.07 Transporting and
Placing • upon hydration, becomes stone-like in strength, hardness
3.08 Shrinkage and durability. The hardening of concrete is called setting.
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
• when mixed with water and a fine aggregate of less than
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
6mm (¼“) is known as mortar, stucco or cement plaster.
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete • when mixed with water, fine aggregate and a large
4.02 Aggregates for
Lightweight Concrete
aggregate of more than 6mm (¼”) in size produces
concrete.
• when strengthened by embedded steel, is called reinforced
concrete.
• when without reinforcement, is called plain or mass
concrete.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement 3. CONCRETE
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3.02 QUALITIES OF GOOD CONCRETE
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities of Good Concrete should be:
Concrete
3.03 Materials of Concrete
3.04 slump test
• Strong
3.05 Proportioning • Durable
3.06 Mixing
• of uniform quality, and
3.07 Transporting and
Placing • thoroughly sound.
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
These are obtained through:
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
• careful selection of materials
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete • correct proportioning
4.02 Aggregates for
Lightweight Concrete • thorough mixing
• careful transporting and placing
• proper curing or protection of the concrete after it is
placed
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement 3. CONCRETE
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3.03 MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities of Good a. Cement
Concrete
3.03 Materials of Concrete
• in reinforced-concrete construction should be high-
3.04 slump test
3.05 Proportioning
grade Portland cement conforming to the “Standard
3.06 Mixing Specifications and Test for Portland Cement” of the
3.07 Transporting and
Placing
American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM).
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing • The kind of tests usually made are:
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms  soundness, or constancy of volume
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE  time of setting
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete
 fineness
4.02 Aggregates for  tensile strength
Lightweight Concrete

Each bag of cement is equivalent to

approximately 1 cu. ft. and weighs 94
lbs.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
b. Aggregates
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition These are inert mineral fillers used with cement and
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete
water in making concrete, should be particles that are
3.03 Materials of Concrete durable strong, clean, hard and uncoated, and which are
3.04 slump test
free from injurious amount of dusts, lumps, soft and flaky
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
particles, shale, alkali, organic matter loam or other
3.07 Transporting and deleterious substances.
Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
• Fine aggregates
3.10 Admixtures (aggregates smaller than
3.11 Forms 6mm (¼”) in size) consist of
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
sand, stone screenings or
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete other inert materials of
4.02 Aggregates for similar characteristics.
Lightweight Concrete

Specs: 80 to 95% shall pass

a No. 4 wire cloth sieve and
not more than 30% nor less
than 10% shall pass a No.
50 sieve.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
• Coarse aggregate (aggregate larger than ¼” in size)
3.01 Definition consists of crushed stones, gravel or other inert
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete
materials of similar characteristics.
3.03 Materials of Concrete
3.04 slump test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting and
Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
4.01 Types of Processed Coarse aggregates should be well graded in size to a size
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
which will readily pass between all reinforcing bars and
Lightweight Concrete between reinforcement and forms but not exceed 25mm
(1”) in size for reinforced beams, floor slabs, & thin walls.
They may range up to 50mm (2”) for less highly reinforced
parts of the structures such as footings, thick walls, and
massive work.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3. CONCRETE • Special aggregates, such as cinders, blast furnace
3.01 Definition slag, expanded shale or clay, perlite, vermiculite, and
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete sawdust, may produce:
3.03 Materials of Concrete
3.04 slump test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting and
Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Lightweight Concrete
- lightweight, nailable
concrete
- thermal insulating concrete.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT c. Water
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
- should be free from oil, acid, alkali, vegetable
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete matter, or other deleterious substances
3.03 Materials of Concrete
3.04 slump test - should be reasonably clear and clean.
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing - The use of sea or brackish water is not allowed.
3.07 Transporting and
Placing
3.08 Shrinkage - Water combines with the cement to form a paste
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
which coats and surrounds the inert particles of
3.11 Forms aggregates.
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
4.01 Types of Processed
- Upon hardening, it binds the entire mass together.
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Lightweight Concrete
- The strength of the mixture therefore depends
directly upon the strength of the paste. If there be
an excess of water the paste becomes thin and
weak and its holding power is reduced.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3. CONCRETE - The water-cement ratio is the amount of water used
3.01 Definition per bag of cement.
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of Concrete
- This usually varies from 5 to 7 gallons, with 6.5
3.04 slump test gallons as average for ordinary job conditions. The
3.05 Proportioning
less water used in mixing, the better the quality of
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting and
concrete.
Placing
3.08 Shrinkage - The ideal mix is one that is plastic and workable. It
3.09 Curing
should not be too dry that it becomes too difficult to
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms place in the forms, nor too wet that separation of the
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE ingredients result.
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete
WATER – CEMENT RATIO
4.02 Aggregates for
Lightweight Concrete Assumed 28-day Maximum water-cement ratio Pounds of water
Compressive strength U.S. gallons of water per sack per 100 lbs. of
(lbs. per sq. inch) Cement of 94 lbs. cement
2,000 7.00 62.0
2,500 6.50 57.5
3,000 5.75 51.0
3,750 5.00 44.5
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement 3. CONCRETE
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3.04 SLUMP TEST
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition - used for measuring the consistency of a concrete mix.
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete
- Consistency may be defined as the “state of fluidity of
3.03 Materials of Concrete the mix”, and it includes the entire range of fluidity from
3.04 slump test the wettest to the dries possible mixtures.
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting and
Placing
In this test the tendency
3.08 Shrinkage of a mix to “slump”, or
3.09 Curing reduce its height due to
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
gravity action, is
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE measured. The apparatus
4.01 Types of Processed consist of metal cone, the
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
bottom opening being
Lightweight Concrete
200mm (8”) in diameter,
the top opening being
100mm (4”), and the
height exactly 300mm
(12”).
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT In making the test, the slump tester is
3. CONCRETE placed on a flat, smooth surface and is
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities of Good
filled with newly mixed concrete from
Concrete mixer. In filling the mold with concrete,
3.03 Materials of Concrete
3.04 Slump test
the latter is tamped in with a 12mm (½”)
3.05 Proportioning rod pointed at one end and the top of
3.06 Mixing the concrete is smoothed off exactly
3.07 Transporting and
Placing level. The mold is then slowly raised
3.08 Shrinkage vertically and the height deducted from
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
the original height of 300mm (12”)
3.11 Forms represents the slump.
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for No
Lightweight Concrete SLUMP slump
Collapsed
slump

Bucket TOO WET SUITABLE TOO DRY

1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3. CONCRETE A harsh mix is efficient for slabs, pavements, or mass
3.01 Definition concrete where the lowest possible water-cement ratio is
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete desirable.
3.03 Materials of Concrete
3.04 Slump test The following table gives the permissible slump for various
3.05 Proportioning
types of concrete in relation to their uses:
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting and
Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
CONSISTENCY (SLUMP)
3.09 Curing Maximum Minimum
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms Reinforced foundation walls and 125mm (5”) 50mm (2”)
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE footings
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete Plain footings, caissons, and 100mm (4”) 25mm (1”)
4.02 Aggregates for substructure walls
Lightweight Concrete

Slabs, beams, thin reinforced walls & 150mm (6”) 75mm (3”)
building columns
Pavements and floor laid on ground 75mm (3”) 25mm (1”)
Heavy mass construction 75mm (3”) 25mm (1”)
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement 3. CONCRETE
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3.05 PROPORTIONING CONCRETE
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
The strength of a workable concrete mix depends upon the
3.02 Qualities of Good water-cement ratio.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of Concrete
The economy of the mix depends upon the proper
3.04 slump test
3.05 Proportioning proportioning of the fine and coarse aggregates.
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting and There are several methods of proportioning concrete:
Placing
3.08 Shrinkage a. Proportioning by arbitrary proportions
3.09 Curing b. Proportioning by the water-ratio and slump test
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
c. Proportioning by water-ratio, slump and fineness
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE modulus
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete Proportioning concrete by the arbitrary selection of the
4.02 Aggregates for
Lightweight Concrete proportions is the oldest, the most commonly used, the most
convenient and the least scientific method.
In this method, the aggregates are measured by loose
volume, that is, its volume as it is thrown into a measuring
box. One sack of cement is taken as 1 cu. ft. Enough water
is used to give the desired consistency.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
a. Proportioning by arbitrary proportions
1 foot
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities of Good
Proportioning concrete by
Concrete the arbitrary selection of
3.03 Materials of Concrete
3.04 slump test
the proportions is the
3.05 Proportioning oldest, the most
3.06 Mixing commonly used, the most
3.07 Transporting and
Placing convenient and the least

1 foot
3.08 Shrinkage scientific method.
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures In this method, the
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
aggregates are measured
4.01 Types of Processed
by loose volume, that is, 1 foot
Concrete
its volume as it is thrown
4.02 Aggregates for
Lightweight Concrete into a measuring box.

One sack of cement is taken as 1 cu. ft.

Enough water is used to give the desired consistency.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT Common mixes expressed in proportions by volumes of
3. CONCRETE cement to fine aggregate to coarse aggregate are as follows:
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete CONCRETE PROPORTIONS
3.03 Materials of Concrete
3.04 slump test
Class “AA” 1 : 1.5 : 3 For concrete under water, retaining walls
3.05 Proportioning
Class “A” 1: 2 :4 For suspended slabs, beams, columns, arches,
3.06 Mixing stairs, walls of 100mm (4”) thickness
3.07 Transporting and
Placing Class “B” 1 : 2.5 : 5 For walls thicker than 100mm (4”), footings,
3.08 Shrinkage steps, reinforced concrete slabs on fill.
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures Class “C” 1: 3 :6 For concrete plant boxes, and any non-critical
concrete structures.
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE Class “D” 1 : 3.5 : 7 For mass concrete works.
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
The proportion is to be read:
Lightweight Concrete
Class A : 1 part cement is to 2 parts sand is to 4 parts gravel.
Each ‘part’ is equivalent to one cubic foot which is the measure
of the box constructed to be 1 foot (12 inches) on each of the
three sides.
Each bag of cement is equivalent to approximately one cubic
foot.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
b. Proportioning by the water-ratio and slump test
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of Concrete
There are two steps to be observed:
3.04 slump test
3.05 Proportioning
- Select the amount of water to be added to the cement
3.06 Mixing to give the desired strength (see Table)
3.07 Transporting and
Placing
- Add just enough mixed aggregate to the water and
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing cement to give a concrete mix the desired consistency.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
It is customary to specify
4.01 Types of Processed - the cement in sacks
Concrete
- the water in gallons per sack of cement and
4.02 Aggregates for
Lightweight Concrete - the mixed aggregate in cu. ft. per sack of cement.
Proportions of cement to fine aggregate to coarse
aggregate may be given if desired.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
c. Proportioning by water-ratio, slump and fineness
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
modulus
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete
This method is the same as the second except that the
3.03 Materials of Concrete proportions of the fine and coarse aggregate are
3.04 slump test determined by the fineness modulus method.
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing For economy, proportion the fine coarse aggregates so
3.07 Transporting and that the largest quantity of mixed aggregate may be used
Placing
3.08 Shrinkage with a given amount of cement and water to produce a mix
3.09 Curing of the desired consistency of slump.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
Comparatively, the coarse aggregate has a lesser total
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
surface to be covered with cement paste and, therefore, is
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete more economical.
4.02 Aggregates for
Lightweight Concrete
However, there must be enough fine aggregate present to
fill the voids in the coarse aggregate, or extra cement
paste will be needed for this purpose. A well-graded
aggregate contains all sizes of fine and coarse particles in
such proportions that the voids in the combined aggregate
will be a minimum.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement 3. CONCRETE
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3.06 MIXING OF CONCRETE
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete • Reinforced-concrete work should be mixed
3.03 Materials of Concrete by machine
3.04 Slump test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting and • Machine-mixed concrete is usually or more
Placing
uniform quality than that mixed by hand and
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing is generally less expensive when in large
3.10 Admixtures volume.
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for • The strength of concrete is very largely
Lightweight Concrete
dependent upon the thoroughness of
mixing.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
a. MACHINE MIXING
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition In machine-mixing, the mixing of each batch should
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete
continue not less than one minute after all the materials
3.03 Materials of Concrete are in the mixer and whenever practicable, the length of
3.04 Slump test
the mixing time should be increased to 1.5 or 2 minutes.
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
The entire contents of the drum should be discharged
3.07 Transporting and before recharging the mixer. The mixer should be
Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
cleaned at frequent intervals while in use.
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
Concrete mixers may be divided into two general classes:
3.11 Forms
Batch mixers -
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
4.01 Types of Processed
into which sufficient
Concrete
materials are placed at one
4.02 Aggregates for
Lightweight Concrete time to make a convenient
size batch of concrete, the
whole amount being
discharged in one mass
after it is mixed.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
Continuous mixers -
3. CONCRETE into which the materials
3.01 Definition are fed constantly and
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete from which the concrete
3.03 Materials of Concrete is discharged in a
3.04 Slump test
steady stream.
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting and
Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
Concrete mixers may also be
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE classified as:
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for - drum mixers
Lightweight Concrete
- trough mixers
- gravity mixers, and
- pneumatic mixers.

The drum mixers are the most

common type.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
b. HAND MIXING
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition - hand-mixing must be
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete
done on a water-tight
3.03 Materials of Concrete platform.
3.04 Slump test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting and
Placing
- cement and fine
3.08 Shrinkage aggregate shall first
3.09 Curing
be mixed dry until the
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
whole is a uniform
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE color.
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for - water and coarse aggregate shall then be added and
Lightweight Concrete
the entire mass turned at least three times, or until a
homogeneous mixture of the required consistency is
obtained.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of Concrete
3.04 Slump test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting and
Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
- since initial set of concrete takes place 1 to 3 hours
Lightweight Concrete
after mixing, a batch may be used anytime before
initial set takes place, provided that the mix is plastic.
- Regaging or retempering of concrete that has been
allowed to stand more than ½ hour is not to be
permitted.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement 3. CONCRETE
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3.07 TRANSPORTING AND PLACING OF CONCRETE
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete
• Fresh concrete should be transported from the mixer as
3.03 Materials of Concrete rapidly as practicable by methods that will permit the
3.04 Slump test
placing of the concrete in the forms before initial set
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
occurs and without loss or separation of materials.
3.07 Transporting and
Placing
3.08 Shrinkage • The delivery of the
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
concrete from the mixer
3.11 Forms to the forms should be
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE fairly continuous and
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete
uninterrupted.
4.02 Aggregates for
Lightweight Concrete
• The time of
transportation should
not exceed 30 minutes.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
• The concrete may be
3.01 Definition transported by means of
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete
barrows, buggies, buckets,
3.03 Materials of Concrete cableways, hoists, chutes,
3.04 Slump test belts and pipes.
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting and
Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Lightweight Concrete

• When chutes are used, the slope should not be more than
1 vertical to 2 horizontal or less than 1 vertical to 3
horizontal. The delivery end of the chutes shall be as
close as possible to the point of deposit.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
• Before placing concrete, the
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
forms shall be cleaned and
3.02 Qualities of Good inspected, surfaces wetted or
Concrete
3.03 Materials of Concrete
oiled, and reinforcement
3.04 Slump test properly secured.
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing • Concrete should be deposited in
3.07 Transporting and approximately horizontal layers
Placing
3.08 Shrinkage in wall, column and footing
3.09 Curing forms. They should not be piled
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
up in the forms which may result
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE in the separation of the cement
4.01 Types of Processed mortar from the coarse
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
aggregate.
Lightweight Concrete
• Concrete should never be
allowed to drop freely over 5 ft.
for unexposed work and over 3
ft. for exposed work.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement 3. CONCRETE
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3.08 SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE & TEMPERATURE CHANGES
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete • Shrinkage of concrete due to hardening and contraction
3.03 Materials of Concrete
3.04 Slump test
from temperature changes, causes cracks the size of
3.05 Proportioning which depends on the extent of the mass. They cannot
3.06 Mixing be counteracted successfully but they can be minimized
3.07 Transporting and
Placing by placing reinforcement so that large cracks can be
3.08 Shrinkage broken up to some extent to smaller ones.
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE • In long continuous length of concrete, it is better to place
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete
shrinkage or contraction joints. Shrinkage cracks are
4.02 Aggregates for likely to occur at joints where fresh concrete is joined to
Lightweight Concrete
concrete which has already set, and hence in placing the
concrete, construction joints should be made on
horizontal and vertical lines.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement 3. CONCRETE
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3.09 CURING OF CONCRETE
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete
• Concrete must be allowed to “cure” or harden after it is
3.03 Materials of Concrete placed.
3.04 Slump test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
• Hardening is a rather slow process in which the cement
3.07 Transporting and
Placing and water unite to form compounds that give strength and
3.08 Shrinkage
durability to the concrete. It continues as long as the
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
temperatures are favorable and moisture is present.
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
4.01 Types of Processed • Three main factors that affect hardening are:
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Lightweight Concrete
- age or time
- temperature, and
- moisture.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of Concrete
3.04 Slump test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting and
Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete
• In order that the hardening may proceed favorably, the fresh
4.02 Aggregates for concrete, for about 7 days after placing, should be protected
Lightweight Concrete
from, excessive vibration, loads, extreme heat or cold, too
rapid drying, and contact with impurities which may interfere
with the chemical action.

• The strength of the concrete increases with age when the

curing conditions remains favorable.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
• The increase in strength is rapid during the early ages and
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
continues more slowly as time goes on. The compressive
3.02 Qualities of Good strength reaches about 60% of its own maximum value at
Concrete
3.03 Materials of Concrete
an age of 28 days and about 80% at an age of 3 months.
3.04 Slump test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting and
Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Lightweight Concrete
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3. CONCRETE Curing consists primarily in keeping the concrete from drying
3.01 Definition out too rapidly. This may be done by:
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of Concrete
a. Covering the concrete. Floors shall be covered with
3.04 Slump test
3.05 Proportioning
paper sacking wetted down at the edges or with burlap,
3.06 Mixing sand or earth that is kept moist, after the concrete is
3.07 Transporting and
Placing
hard enough to walk on.
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
b. Removal of forms at prescribed time. Forms shall not
3.10 Admixtures be removed until after the time specified.
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE c. Sprinkling with water. Beams, columns and walls are
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete
sprinkled or sprayed with water as soon as the forms are
4.02 Aggregates for removed.
Lightweight Concrete

d. Using curing compounds (see ADMIXTURES).

1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
Parts of Structure CURING PERIOD or TIME REQUIRED
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
FOR THE REMOVAL OF FORMS
3. CONCRETE FOOTINGS a. Massive footings a. 1 day (24 hours)
3.01 Definition b. Cantilever b. 5 days (120 hours)
3.02 Qualities of Good footings c. 5 days (120 hours)
Concrete
c. Slab footings
3.03 Materials of Concrete
3.04 Slump test WALLS a. Massive walls, 30 a. Up to 2 M. high: 1 day (24 hours). Add 1
3.05 Proportioning AND cms. thick or day (24 hours) for every additional meter
3.06 Mixing
PLASTERS more or fraction thereof.
3.07 Transporting and
Placing b. Up to 2 M. high: 2 days (48 hours. Add 1-
3.08 Shrinkage b. Thin walls less 1/2 days (36 hours) for every additional
3.09 Curing than 30 cms. meter or fraction thereof
3.10 Admixtures Thick
3.11 Forms c. Without loads, same as (b).
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
4.01 Types of Processed
c. Cantilever walls,
Concrete buttresses,
4.02 Aggregates for counter forts,
Lightweight Concrete
diaphragms.
COLUMNS a. Ratio of height to a. 2 days (48 hours)
least diameter up
to 4
b. Add to the above number 1 day (24 hours)
b. Ratio of height to for every additional meter or height or
least diameter fraction there of but not more than 28 days
from 4 to 15. (672 hours).
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement Parts of Structure CURING PERIOD or TIME REQUIRED
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT FOR THE REMOVAL OF FORMS
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition SLABS a. 3 to 7 ft. spans a. 3 ft. span, 5 days (120 hours). Add ½ day
3.02 Qualities of Good (12 hours) for every additional 1 ft. span or
Concrete fraction thereof.
3.03 Materials of Concrete
3.04 Slump test b. Over 7 ft. span b. 7 ft. span, 7 days (168 hours). Add 1 day
3.05 Proportioning (24 hours) for every additional 1 ft. span or
3.06 Mixing fraction thereof but not more than 28 days
3.07 Transporting and (672 hours).
Placing
3.08 Shrinkage BEAMS a. Sides a. 3 days
3.09 Curing AND
3.10 Admixtures b. Bottoms b. Up to 14 ft., 14 days (336 hours). Add 1
GIRDERS day for every 1 ft. additional span or
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE fraction thereof but not more than 28 days
4.01 Types of Processed
(672 hours).
Concrete
ARCHES a. Spandrel walls a. 7 days (168 hours).
4.02 Aggregates for
Lightweight Concrete b. Spandrel arches b. 14 days (336 hours)
c. Main arches c. 21 days (504 hours)
BALUSTRADES a. Steel & side a. 1 day (24 hours)
, COPINGS,ETC. forms
R.C. PILES and a. Sides. a. 3 days (72 hours)
R.C. POSTS b. Bottom b. 14 days (336 hours)
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement 3. CONCRETE
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3.10 ADMIXTURES
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition Substances added to cements, mortars, and
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete concrete for the purpose of improving or imparting
3.03 Materials of Concrete particular properties, such as:
3.04 Slump test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing • To improve workability of concrete, e.g. hydrated lime
3.07 Transporting and
Placing
• To improve durability by entertainment of air
3.08 Shrinkage • To accelerate setting or hardening (accelerators) e.g.
3.09 Curing calcium chloride
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
• To retard setting (retarders).
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE • To improve wear resistance
4.01 Types of Processed • To impart water-repellant or water-proofing qualities e.g.
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
hydrated lime, KAOLINE, CELITE
Lightweight Concrete
• To impart water-repellant or waterproofing qualities, e.g.,
hydrated lime, waterproofing compounds, KAOLINE,
CELITE.
• To impart color, MINERAL OXIDES, COLORCON,
METALICHROME.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
Admixtures may be grouped into three categories:
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3. CONCRETE • those for mixing into concrete
3.01 Definition • those for mixing into mortar
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete • those for surface application or finish.
3.03 Materials of Concrete
3.04 Slump test Admixtures come in powder, paste, and liquid form, and
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
are usually patented and sold under trademark names.
3.07 Transporting and
Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
Concrete admixtures include:
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms a. Accelerators - to speed up setting time, to develop
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE earlier strength, and to reduce length of time for
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete
protection. Principal ingredients are calcium chloride.
4.02 Aggregates for Maximum amount added is 2 lbs. per bag of cement.
Lightweight Concrete

Disadvantages: they increase the expansion and

contraction of concrete, reduce resistance to sulfate
attack, and increases efflorescence and corrosion of
high tension steels.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT b. Retarders - to slow down the hydration of the cement
3. CONCRETE during very hot weather. Principal ingredients include
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities of Good
zinc oxide, calcium lignosulfonate, derivatives of adipic
Concrete acid.
3.03 Materials of Concrete
3.04 Slump test Disadvantages: may cause some loss of early strength
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
and will therefore require careful control and more
3.07 Transporting and frequent slump tests, also reduces the expansion and
Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
contraction of concrete.
3.09 Curing
c. Air-entraining agents - introduce minute air bubbles to
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
greatly increase the resistance of concrete to freezing
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE and thawing, increase plasticity and reduce bleeding.
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete
Addition of air-entraining admixtures is usually in the
4.02 Aggregates for proportion of 3 to 6% of the volume of concrete. They
Lightweight Concrete
are manufactured from such ingredients as rosin, beef
tallow, stereates, foaming agents (soap).
Disadvantages: These require careful control and more
frequent slump tests. They may also cause some loss of
strength.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
d. Inert, finely divided powders such as powdered
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
glass , silica sand, stone dust, hydrated lime - are
3.02 Qualities of Good added to improve workability, used as per
Concrete
3.03 Materials of Concrete
manufacturer’s directions. Hydrated lime is usually in the
3.04 Slump test proportion of 10 to 15% of the cement by volume.
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting and
Placing
e. Waterproofing (permeability-reducing) compounds
3.08 Shrinkage - reduce the capillary attraction of the voids in the
3.09 Curing concrete or mortar, but while it may decrease water
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
absorption of the concrete or mortar, it does not render
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE concrete waterproof. They are manufactured from
4.01 Types of Processed stearic acid or its compounds, mainly calcium
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
steareate, and include asphalt emulsions. They are
Lightweight Concrete introduced usually in the amounts of 0.1 to 4.0% of the
weight of cement.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition f. Colored pigments are mainly to used to give color to
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete
concrete floors. There are two types:
3.03 Materials of Concrete
3.04 Slump test • Dry-cast, broadcast or dust-on, for surface
3.05 Proportioning
coloring. They are dusted on, usually in two coats,
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting and
after all surface water has disappeared. The surface
Placing
is then finished with a steel trowel .
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
• Integral colors, for body coloring. Integral color
3.10 Admixtures pigments are incorporated in the mortar topping.
3.11 Forms
They are mixed dry with the cement and aggregate
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
before water is added. Amount of color pigment
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete required is not more than 10% of the cement by
4.02 Aggregates for
Lightweight Concrete weight, generally 3 to 6 lbs. per bag of cement .
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3. CONCRETE Admixtures for mixing into mortar include:
3.01 Definition • Accelerators
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete • plasticizing agents (correctly called water-reducing
3.03 Materials of Concrete agents) to lower water cement ratio and make the mix
3.04 Slump test
3.05 Proportioning
more workable
3.06 Mixing • waterproofing agents, and
3.07 Transporting and
Placing
• color pigments
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures Surface application finishes for concrete consist of:
3.11 Forms • hardeners
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
• color pigments
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete • special aggregates
4.02 Aggregates for
Lightweight Concrete
• sealers
• abrasive materials
• waterproofing agents, and
• fillers and patchers.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement 3. CONCRETE
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3.11 FORMS
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition a. LUMBER FORMS
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of Concrete Lumber used in form
3.04 Slump test
construction should only
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing be partially seasoned.
3.07 Transporting and
Placing Kiln-dried lumber has a
3.08 Shrinkage
tendency to swell when
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures soaked by the concrete,
3.11 Forms and this swelling causes
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
bulging and distortion of
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete the forms.
4.02 Aggregates for
Lightweight Concrete
Green lumber, on the other hand, dries out and shrinks if
allowed to stand too long before the concrete is placed.
This tendency of green lumber to check and warp may,
however, be prevented to some extent by keeping the
boards thoroughly saturated with water.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
When using natural, well seasoned lumber, care should
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
be taken not to drive the work up too close, since forms
3.02 Qualities of Good should always be left in a position to experience some
Concrete
3.03 Materials of Concrete
slight swelling without any undesirable results.
3.04 Slump test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting and
Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Lightweight Concrete
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3. CONCRETE • Sheathing lumber dressed at least one side and
3.01 Definition both edges even are used where the removal and
3.02 Qualities of Good cleaning of the forms are necessary for re-use .
Concrete
3.03 Materials of Concrete
3.04 Slump test
• Sheathing lumber dressed on all four sides shall
3.05 Proportioning be used in face work, where smooth and true surface
3.06 Mixing
is important.
3.07 Transporting and
Placing
3.08 Shrinkage • Tongue-and-groove lumber will achieve tight joints
3.09 Curing between boards in floor and wall panel construction.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms • Simply dressing the lumber true to edge form
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
square of butt joints in the forms for columns, beams,
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete and girders.
4.02 Aggregates for
Lightweight Concrete

Sizes of lumber frequently used :

• 2-inch thick for columns, beams and girder bottoms
• 1-inch thick for floor panels and beam and girder sides
• 2x4s for struts, posts, shores, and uprights
• 1 or 2-inch thick for cleats
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete
Use nails sparingly in
3.03 Materials of Concrete
3.04 Slump test
the construction of
3.05 Proportioning forms because
3.06 Mixing
unnecessary nailing not
3.07 Transporting and
Placing only adds to the labor
3.08 Shrinkage
of wrecking but also
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
renders the lumber
3.11 Forms unfit for continued use.
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE Where nails must be
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete used, leave the head
4.02 Aggregates for
Lightweight Concrete
protruding so that they
may be withdrawn
without injury to the
lumber.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT All forms for concrete require a coating of some lubricant to
3. CONCRETE prevent concrete from adhering to the wood and thus make
3.01 Definition a rough, unpleasant appearance. Crude oil and petroline
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete preserve the forms against damage by alternate wetting and
3.03 Materials of Concrete drying. The forms should preferably be oiled before they are
3.04 Slump test
3.05 Proportioning
set in place. Oil should not be used, however, on forms
3.06 Mixing against surfaces which are to be plastered, as oil prevents
3.07 Transporting and
Placing
adhesion of the plaster. In such cases, wetting with water
3.08 Shrinkage will be sufficient.
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
The inside of forms which have been used once and are to be
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE used again shall be coated an approved soap or other
4.01 Types of Processed approved material, or thoroughly wetted before concreting. No
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
application of soap or other material should be made to forms
Lightweight Concrete
after the reinforcements are in place.
The forms should be durable and rigid, and should be well
braced so that bulging or twisting cannot occur. The joints
should be made tight enough to prevent leakage of the
mortar.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
b. PLYWOOD FORMS
3. CONCRETE Works best where a smooth surface is required. The
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities of Good
plywood should be waterproof, Grade “A” and at least
Concrete 12mm (½”) thick.
3.03 Materials of Concrete
3.04 Slump test
3.05 Proportioning c. STEEL FORMS
3.06 Mixing Steel forms may be in the form of pans for concrete joist
3.07 Transporting and
Placing construction or steel decking or corrugated steel for
3.08 Shrinkage concrete slabs and slab-and-joist construction. .
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
d. PLASTIC FORMS
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
4.01 Types of Processed Polystyrene forms are
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for now available for
Lightweight Concrete
concrete work.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
4.11 TYPES OF PROCESSED CONCRETE
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete
a. “AEROCRETE”
3.03 Materials of Concrete
3.04 Slump test This is a light–weight, expanded structural concrete
3.05 Proportioning produced by adding a small amount of metallic
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting and
aluminum powder to the mixture of Portland cement
Placing and sand of cinders.
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing On the addition of water, a gas is generated which
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
expands the wet mix and forms small air cells
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE throughout the material.
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete It is used for structural floor and roof slabs, partition
4.02 Aggregates for
Lightweight Concrete
blocks for sound proofing, wall insulation, in rooms of
refrigerator plants, lightweight fill on top of structural
floor and roof slabs.
In addition to its light weight, it has excellent fire-
resistive qualities.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT b. “GUNITE”
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
This is the mixture of sand and cement deposited under
3.02 Qualities of Good high pneumatic pressure with a machine manufactured
Concrete
3.03 Materials of Concrete
under the trade name CEMENT GUN, to which the
3.04 Slump test required supply of water is added just before the dry
3.05 Proportioning
constituents emerge from nozzle.
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting and
Placing
GUNITE is used for encasing structural steel, when
3.08 Shrinkage reinforced, for floor and roof slabs and curtain walls.
3.09 Curing
Ideal for swimming pool construction.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Lightweight Concrete
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition c. “PORETE”
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of Concrete
A Portland cement concrete to which a chemical foam
3.04 Slump test is added to generate gases in the process of
3.05 Proportioning deposition, resulting in light weight precast or shop-
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting and
made unit in both hollow and solid forms. It is
Placing manufactured in solid slabs for short spans roofs and
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
siding of industrial buildings.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
4.01 Types of Processed d. “HAYDITE”
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Lightweight Concrete
This is processed concrete added with lightweight
aggregate .
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
4.12 AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete
Lightweight aggregates have the following advantages:
3.03 Materials of Concrete
3.04 Slump test
3.05 Proportioning • Reduction of dead loads saves structural steel, reduces
3.06 Mixing
bearing on foundation and cuts cost of concrete forms
3.07 Transporting and
Placing
3.08 Shrinkage • High insulating value is provided by numerous dead air
3.09 Curing spaces .
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms • Rough texture of surfaces have good acoustical properties
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE .
4.01 Types of Processed • Lightweight allows easier handling of precast slabs and
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for blocks
Lightweight Concrete

• Lightweight plaster has less tendency to crack and its heat

resistance makes it a good material for fireproofing
structural steel
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
The major disadvantages of lightweight aggregates
3.01 Definition are a result paradoxically of the physical qualities
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete
which make them weight saving and good insulators :
3.03 Materials of Concrete
3.04 Slump test
3.05 Proportioning
• Porosity requires changes in the usual formulas for
3.06 Mixing water and slump, and closer supervision of mixing.
3.07 Transporting and
Placing
Very light aggregates tend to float out of the mortar
3.08 Shrinkage and some coarse aggregate concrete mixtures
3.09 Curing
require the addition of a fine aggregate like sand to
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
prevent harsh working and serious bleeding.
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
4.01 Types of Processed
• As aggregates become lighter they become
Concrete structurally weaker so the strength of the matrix
4.02 Aggregates for
Lightweight Concrete must be modified by adding more cement. More
cement is needed, also to “wet” the greater
aggregate surface area, due to the irregularity of the
particles .
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
• The cost of raw aggregates is higher than for gravel,
3.02 Qualities of Good rock, and sand because of small production facilities
Concrete
3.03 Materials of Concrete
and the additional processing that is sometimes
3.04 Slump test necessary .
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting and
Placing • Concrete using lightweight aggregate should not weigh
3.08 Shrinkage more than 75% of ordinary concrete. Since the
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
aggregates compromise about 50 percent of the usual
3.11 Forms mixes, its weight should not be more than 50 percent of
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE that of rock or gravel aggregates for the same volume.
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete
Grade rock, gravel aggregates weigh a little less than
4.02 Aggregates for 100 lbs. per cu. ft. thus a good lightweight aggregate
Lightweight Concrete
should weigh less than 50 lbs. per cubic foot.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
Lightweight aggregates can be divided into four general
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
classifications :
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of Concrete a. Aggregates of volcanic origin
3.04 Slump test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
• Pumice, weighing from 25
3.07 Transporting and to 60 lbs.per cu. ft. is well
Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
qualified as a lightweight
3.09 Curing aggregate when dry and
3.10 Admixtures well graded. It is hard to be
3.11 Forms
handled and mixed without
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
4.01 Types of Processed
excessive breakdown.
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for Undesirable feature,
Lightweight Concrete
however, is its water
absorption. This can be
mitigated by wetting the
aggregate before it is
mixed with cement .
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3. CONCRETE • Perlite is composed of stable silicates, and is inert
3.01 Definition and thus durable for use as a lightweight aggregate
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete or for insulation. Its disadvantages are its friability,
3.03 Materials of Concrete small particle size, and extreme lightness. The small
3.04 Slump test
3.05 Proportioning
particle size requires more cement, while its
3.06 Mixing lightness, from 8 to 16 lbs. per cu. ft. increases the
3.07 Transporting and
Placing
tendency to float out of the mortar.
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures Perlite is useful where
3.11 Forms maximum strength is not
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
required, as in precast
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete slabs and blocks and in
4.02 Aggregates for
Lightweight Concrete
floor fill, fireproofing and
plaster .
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT b. Micaceous minerals
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
• Vermiculite is a micaceous mineral which expands on
3.02 Qualities of Good application of heat to as much as 30 times its original
Concrete
3.03 Materials of Concrete
volume.
3.04 Slump test
3.05 Proportioning Dried ground ore is subjected to about 1,800 degrees heat
3.06 Mixing for 4 to 8 seconds, after which it weighs only 6 to 12 lbs. per
3.07 Transporting and
Placing cubic ft.
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing It is used as an aggregate in concrete fireproofing steel, for
3.10 Admixtures floor and roof fill, and for acoustic and fireproof plaster.
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Lightweight Concrete
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
c. Expanded shales and clays
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of Concrete • Lightweight aggregates from shales and clays
3.04 Slump test
require heating the material in a kiln to a
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing temperature near its fusion point. The material
3.07 Transporting and softens and coalesces to a sticky mass; escaping
Placing
3.08 Shrinkage gases are trapped, forming cellular structures and
3.09 Curing expanding the volume of the material about 50%.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
The crushing and firing operations are varied with
4.01 Types of Processed different processes. In some, the material is fired to
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
a clinker, then crushed and sized; the process is
Lightweight Concrete often reversed with crushing operation first.

Examples of clay, shale aggregates are “AIROX”,

“ROCKLITE”, Diatomite, “HAYDITE”. .
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT d. By-product Aggregates
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
• Expanded Slag or “foamed” slags are made by treating
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete molten blast furnace slag with controlled quantities of water
3.03 Materials of Concrete or steam. Some slags are expanded are expanded in pits in
3.04 Slump test
the ground; others are made in machines. Close control of
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
steam is very important because too much granulates the
3.07 Transporting and slag, yielding soft, friable particles; too little gives a heavy
Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
aggregate.
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
• Foamed slag has been used for precast blocks, cast-in-
3.11 Forms place walls of houses and for panel filling of steel-framed
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE buildings.
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete • Cinders are composed of the ash components of the coal
4.02 Aggregates for
Lightweight Concrete along with the various quantities of unburned or partially
burned combustible matter. Cinders containing a minimum
amount of combustible material are satisfactory for use in
concrete but are not particularly weight saving. Lightweight
cinders often have unsound physical and chemical
properties.
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
CONCRETE
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
WEIGHT OF AGGREGATE AND CONCRETE
3.01 Definition BY TYPE OF AGGREGATE
3.02 Qualities of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of Concrete TYPE OF AGGREGATE Aggregate Weight per Cubic
3.04 Slump test
Weight per Foot of Concrete
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
Cubic Foot Using Aggregate
3.07 Transporting and (Lbs.) (Lbs.)
Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
Gravel 120 150
3.09 Curing Sand 90-100 150
3.10 Admixtures Crushed Stone 100 145
3.11 Forms Crushed Bank Slag 80 110-130
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
Haydite (Expanded Clay, shale) 40-60 100-120
4.01 Types of Processed
Concrete Foamed Slag 40-60 90-100
4.02 Aggregates for Cinders 40-50 110-115
Lightweight Concrete
Pumice 30-60 60-90
Diatomite 28-40 55-70
Perlite 6-16 40-65
Vermiculite 6-10 25-50
 CONCRETE
1 foot

End of
Div 03 CONCRETE

1 foot

1 foot
END
CONCRETE
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1 : DIV 03