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ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES
REPORTED BY:
BARANGAS
BENIN
BOCO
BRINGAS
BUENO
CANDELARIA
WHAT IS AN ARCH?
• Stone Arches - Based on workmanship, these are sub divided into two types.
• The building materials required for the masonry of arches, vaults and cupolas
can be divided into two broad groups:
• To avoid the risk of shrinkage during drying out after building work, preferably a
minimum amount of binder component should be used. The various solid and
binder components are rarely incompatible but it is preferable to use
components of similar strengths.
SOLID COMPONENTS
• Stone
Often of very irregular dimensions, which forces one to use very expensive
preparation and implementation techniques. Soft, light stone offers interesting
possibilities, as does layered stones, which can be standardized by simply chiseling
them to the required shape
• Adobe block
Simply prepared by molding plastic soil and leaving it'to dry, the adobe block is
always inexpensive. Its shape and size can be easily adapted to the various methods
of construction, so that this material is the most widely used. However, its rather
low mechanical performances require the construction of fairly massive structures.
SOLID COMPONENTS
• Earth mortar
This is used to bond adobe, fired brick or stone. Its good sticking properties
enables one to build vaults and cupolas without shuttering. Plastic earth mortar
can be used to make hand-shaped cupolas. To avoid shrinkage, straw or sand is
added to soils with an excessive clay content.
• Lime-sand mortar
This displays average characteristics; its main advantage is that it stays malleable for quite a
long time and sets very slowly. It can be improved by adding crushed brick or pozzolanas.
Lime-based mortars are very frequently used in conjunction with fired brick and stone.
• Cement-sand mortar
Given the high cost of cement, the amount used must be carefully calculated according to
the mechanical strength required. This mortar is suitable for bonding good quality fired
earth and full sand-cement blocks. Having little adherence, it is not well suited to
shutterless building methods, apart from corbelling. Medium-span vaults have been made
directly using a sand-cement mortar. Small size elements can be prefabricated.
BINDER COMPONENTS
• Gypsum mortar
This sets very quickly, which enables adhesive application techniques to be used.
Small span vaults can be made or even prefabricated directly using this mortar. The
stability of water-soluble gypsum can be improved by combining it with lime.
• Surface protection
To avoid infiltrations and therefore risks of detoriation, vaults and cupolas must be
protected from rainwater, which must be channelled away from the building, using
water-spouts or downpipes.
BINDER COMPONENTS
• Renders
An earth render is the least expensive, but requires periodical maintenance whose
frequency which depends on the nature and the quantity of rainfall. . A sand-cement mortar
is too rigid and will always crack, which allows water infiltration to take place. It should not
be used without a complementary membrane. Lime-sand and gypsum-lime-sand renders
are better suited because of their greater pliability, but a certain amount of maintenance
might still needed.
APPLICABILITY OF ARCHES ON BRIDGES:
BRIDGES
• Arch Bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges and have been around for over
3000 years ago. It is one of the most popular types of bridge. It remained in the
height of popularity until industrial revolution that leads to the creation of advanced
materials that enabled the Architects to create a modern bridge designs.
• Function
Bridges need to support be able to support a load, of the objects (peoples,cars,trucks,
etc.) on it. Therefore, the structure underneath the bridge needs to be able to get the
job done. In ancient greek, it is used as a support to accomodate larger spans in
columns.
HOW DOES AN ARCH BRIDGE WORK?
the compression causes the materials to become more compact and close to each other, firming
the foundation and enabling bridges to withstand heavier loads.
The curves of the arches allows the bridges to displace or spread the weight evenly. Its foundation
are fixed firmly on the ground yet its arched element helps the even displacement of force on top of
the arch bridges, preventing the weight from pressing too hard on one area and weaking that single
area over time.
Foundations are fixed and the arches radius are to be certain. The longer the bridge, the more the arches to
be built.
• Time Consuming
It takes time to build a arch bridge. Arch bridge needs to be made in precision to ensure its strength and
longevity.
Since it takes time to build a arch bridges, a lots of labors and time are required to finish the bridge which
can translate in a thousands of money. They also need more frequent repair and maintenance as they are
prone to cracking and tearing when exposed to harsh elements
APPLICABILITY OF ARCHES ON BUILDINGS:
BUILDING ARCHES
Arches have been a prominent feature in architecture since the time of the
Ancient Greeks. The techniques involved in designing and constructing arches
have since developed into many other structural forms, such as vaults, arcades,
bridges, and so on
FUNCTION TO THE BUILDING
Arches are compressive structures, that is, there are no tensile stresses. They are self-
supporting, stabilised by the force of gravity acting on their weight to hold them in
compression. This makes them very stable and efficient, capable of larger spans, and
supporting greater loads than horizontal beams.
The downward load of an arch must be transferred to its foundations. The outward thrust
exerted by an arch at its base must be restrained, either by its own weight or the weight of
supporting walls, by buttressing or foundations, or by an opposing tie between the two
sides. The outward thrust increases as the height, or rise, of the arch decreases
FUNCTION TO THE BUILDING
Arches are compressive structures, that is, there are no tensile stresses. They are self-
supporting, stabilised by the force of gravity acting on their weight to hold them in
compression. This makes them very stable and efficient, capable of larger spans, and
supporting greater loads than horizontal beams.
The downward load of an arch must be transferred to its foundations. The outward thrust
exerted by an arch at its base must be restrained, either by its own weight or the weight of
supporting walls, by buttressing or foundations, or by an opposing tie between the two
sides. The outward thrust increases as the height, or rise, of the arch decreases
FUNCTION TO THE BUILDING
FUNCTION TO THE BUILDING
FUNCTION TO THE BUILDING
FUNCTION TO THE BUILDING
Key points :
• Three hinged Arch is statically determinate structure so it can be solved by
using equilibrium equations
• It contains an internal hinge at crown at which moment is zero
ANALYSIS OF THREE HINGED PARABOLIC ARC
Example :
• A three hinged parabolic arch of span (l) and rise (h) carries a load of
kN/m on whole span. Determine support reaction.
ANALYSIS OF THREE HINGED PARABOLIC ARC
ƩMA = 0
-VB x l + w x l x l / 2 = 0
VB = wl /2 and VA = wl/2
ƩMC = 0
VA x l/2 - w x l/2 x l/4 – H x h = 0
so by putting value of VA in this equation we
will get
H = w x l²/ 8h