CONCRETE

PAVEMENT
PORTLAND
CEMENT
 Portland cement
Calcareous Materials Argillaceous Materials

Limestone Marl Clay Shale

Types of Portland cement
specified by AASHTO
1. Type I or IA. This type of
cement is for general concrete
construction when the specified
properties of the other four types
are not required.
2. Type II or IIA. This type is for
general concrete construction
exposed to moderate action or
where moderate heat of
hydration is required.
3. Type III or IIIA. This type is
for high strength concrete.
4. Type IV is for low heat of
hydration.
5. Type V for high sulfate
resistance.
Chemicals in Portland
Cement
•  
1.Tricalcium Silicate
2.Dicalcium Silicate
3.Tricalcium Aluminate
4.Tetracalcium Alumina Ferrite
 COMPOSITION AND STRENGTH
CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF
PORTLAND CEMENT
Compound
Strength Normal
Types of Cement Compound Percent
Portland Cement
Concrete Percent
1 7 28
3
day days days
months
I – Normal 50 24 11 8 100 100 100 100
II – Modified 42 33 5 13 75 85 90
100
III – High Early 60 13 9 8 190 120 110 100
 CONCRETE
PAVEMENT
CHARACTERISTICS
AND BEHAVIOR
Impact Loads
High Temperature

Low Temperature
Definition of Terms
Deterioration. Deterioration of
concrete pavement is due to
stress brought about by load,
moisture and temperature.
Distress of Concrete is generally
grouped into the following categories:
a) Distortion
b) Cracking
c) Disintegration
a) Distortion is a vertical
displacement of concrete
slab at the joints or cracks.
Distortion is due to failure or
weakness of concrete joints.
b) Cracking can take many forms
in concrete pavement that
could be the result from;
applied load, temperature or
moisture changes.
Most common type of cracks
a. Corner cracks associated with
excessive corner deflection.
b. Transverse cracks associated
with mixture or temperature
stresses, or poor construction
methods.
Corner cracks
Transverse cracks
c) Disintegration appears in the
form of durability cracking,
scaling or spalling, as the result
of mix design or construction
related problems like:
a.Durability Cracking. Results
from freeze-thaw action.
b. Scaling. A network of shallow fine
hairline cracks which extend through
the upper surface of the concrete.
This is the result from deicing salts,
improper construction, free-thaw
cycle, or steel reinforcement too
closed to the surface.
c. Spalling is the breaking or
chipping of the joint edges. It is
the result from excessive
stresses at joint, weak concrete,
poorly designed or constructed
joints.
Changes in Temperature and
Moisture Content create slab
curing, flexure stresses and
overall lengthening and
shortening of the slabs.
CONTROL OF
CRACKS
TRANSVERSE
EXPANSION
JOINTS
Expansion Joints provide space
allowance for the lengthening of slab
due to expansion. Because of the so
many buckling upward of concrete
pavement, Engineers have come up
with a conclusion that these blowups
serves as conclusive evidence that
expansion joint is necessary.
LONGITUDINAL
JOINTS
Longitudinal joints are provided
between adjacent traffic lanes. It is
considered as hinges to provide edge
support, but allows rotation between
the slabs.
CONSTRUCTION
JOINT
If concrete pouring will be interrupted
for quite some time that cold joint will
be inevitable, the practice is to provide
a transverse construction joints.
Deformed tie bars are used to hold the
joint tightly closed together. However,
if the construction joint replaces a
contraction joint, the use of dowels is
the alternative.
REINFORCEMENT
OF JOINTS
 Steel reinforcement for concrete
pavement joints are specified in the design
to prevent the widening of cracks produced
by shrinkage or thermal contraction.
The reinforcing steel bars are mounted in
one layer along the mid-depth of the slab.
The formula used in designing this
reinforcement for concrete slab joint is:
 where:
As=Area of steel cross section per foot of
slab.
L=Length of slab between joints in feet.
f=Coefficient of friction between the slab
and the sub-grade called the coefficient

 
of sub-grade resistance ranging from 1 to
2 with 1.5 recommended by AASHTO
Interim Guide.
S=Working stress in the reinforcing steel
in pounds per sq. in. AASHTO Interim
Guide suggested working stress from
30,000 to 45,000 psi depending upon the
type and grade of steel.
THE SUB-GRADE
and SUB-BASE for
CONCRETE
PAVEMENT
The AASHTO Interim Guides, recommend
that the sub-base must be extended from 30
to 60 cm outside the pavement edge to
serve as an edge support. For the heaviest
travelled facilities, a treated cement asphalt
sub-base is recommended because it
increases the fatigue life and reduces joint
failure.
 CONCRETE
PROPORTIONS
The fundamental rule to obtain good
concrete is the proper selection of cement
aggregate and water thus:
1. Type I or II cement is specified for concrete
pavement.
2. Water for concrete must be clean, free from acids,
alkali and oil.
3. If concrete is to be strong, sound and durable, the
aggregate must have similar properties.
4. The mineral aggregate of concrete is about 75% of
the volume or about 80% of the weight of normal
pavement.
5. The maximum size of coarse aggregate is 2 inches.
Admixture
Admixture is a substance added in mixing
to change the characteristics of concrete
mixture.
Air Entrainment
Air entrainment is the entrapment of air in
the concrete mixture in the form of evenly
distributed small bubbles.
Cement and Water Ratio AASHTO Guide
Ceme Water Compressi Specifications for
nt (galloo ve highway construction
(per ns) Strength
bag) for 28 Ceme Max. Conditions
days nt Water
(psi) (per (galloo
bag) ns)
1 5 5, 300
Durability therefore, is 1 6 Normal
1 7 3, 700
dependent on the water- 1 5 1/2 Severe
cement ratio that should be
properly controlled to obtain
richness of the paste
CONCRETE
MIXTURE
Concrete mixture is determined
by the trial batch method, until
after the desired mixture is
obtained as final proportion for
the succeeding mixture.
The Slump Test
(AASHTO T-119) is the
old traditional and
most widely used
method in determining
the consistency of
concrete.
Kelly Ball Method (ASTM C- 360) is a metal
cylinder 15 cm diameter and 12 cm high
with hemisphere bottom shaped weighing
14 kg. A graduated cylinder rising from the
top of ball passes through a metal frame
that is 30 cm apart. The ball is placed on the
surface of the fresh concrete. Its penetration
is measured by comparing its position with
that of the frame.
 POLYMER
CONCRETE
 Classifications of Polymer
mixture
1. Polymer-Impregnated Concrete (PIC)
is a portland cement concrete
impregnated with monomer after
curing.
 Classifications of Polymer
mixture
2. Polymer Concrete (PC) is a mixture
of polymer binder and aggregate.
 Classifications of Polymer
mixture
3. Polymer Cement Concrete (PCC) is a
pre-mixture of cement paste and
aggregate wherein a monomer is
mixed before curing.