SOCIALIZATION

• Lifelong social experience by which people

develop their human potential and learn culture.
• Social experience is also the foundation of
personality.
• ENCULTURATION
1. FREUD’S MODEL OF PERSONALITY
(SIGMUND FREUD)
Three parts:
a. Id – represent the human being’s basic drives, or biological and physical
needs which are unconscious and demand immediate satisfaction.
b. Ego - a person’s conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking
drives (id) with the demands of society (superego).
c. Superego – refers to the cultural values and norms internalized by an
individual.
2. PIAGET’S THEORY OF COGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT (JEAN PIAGET)
Four Stages of Cognitive Development:
a. Sensorimotor Stage (first 2 yrs. of life) – the level of human development at which
individuals know the world only through the five senses.
b. Preoperational Stage (Age 2 to 7) – at which individuals first use language and other
symbols.
c. Concrete Operational Stage (age of 7 to 11) – at which individuals first see causal
connections in their sorroundings.
d. Formal Operational Stage (about age 12) – at which individuals think abstractly and
critically.
3. MEAD’S THEORY OF THE SOCIAL SELF
(GEORGE HERBERT MEAD)
For Mead:
• Self is a part of our personality and includes self-awareness and self-
image.
• The key to developing the self is learning to take the role of other.
• Generalized other – refer to widespread cultural norms and values we
use as references in evaluating ourselves.
4. COOLEY’S LOOKING-GLASS SELF
(CHARLES HORTON COOLEY)
• Looking-glass self mean a self-image based on how we
think others see us.
• What we think of ourselves, then, depends on how we
think others see us.
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
a. Family – the first setting of socialization, has the greatest impact on
attitudes and behavior.
b. Schools – teach knowledge and skills needed for later life, and expose
children to greater social diversity.
c. Peer Group – takes on great importance during adolescence.
d. Mass Media – have a huge impact on socialization in modern societies.
VALUES, NORMS, STATUS, AND ROLES
Values – culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable,
good, and beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines for social living.
Norms – the rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its
members.
Status – a social position that a person holds
• Ascribed Status – takes on involuntarily
• Achieved Status – takes on voluntarily
Role – behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status
GENDER ROLE SOCIALIZATION
SEX – refer to the biological characteristics distinguishing male and
female.
-based on chromosomes, anatomy, hormones, reproductive
systems, and other physiological components
GENDER – refer to those social, cultural, and psychological traits
linked to males and females through particular social
contexts.
CONFORMITY AND DEVIANCE
Every society is a system of social control.
Social control is attempts of every society to regulate people’s thoughts
and behavior.
Social control encourages conformity to certain norms and discourages
deviance or norm breaking.
Laws are norms that become specified and institutionalized.
Crime refers to the violation of the law.
MERTON’S STRAIN THEORY
(ROBERT MERTON)
 the extent and type of deviance people engage in depend on whether a
society provides the means to achieve cultural goals.
• means could be schooling or job opportunities
• Cultural goals such as financial success.
 Conformity means achieving cultural goals through approved means.
4 TYPES OF DEVIANCE
a. Innovation – using unconventional means
b. Ritualism – people do not care much about the goal but stick to the
rules
c. Retreatism – rejecting both cultural goals and conventional means
d. Rebellion – Like retreatism but provide alternatives to the existing
social order.