Circuit Breakers and Recloser: Siemens - TLD/ BORL Restricted © Siemens IPM 2016

.
Circuit Breakers and Recloser
Restricted © Siemens IPM 2016 siemens.tld/ BORL

Course Outline
• Introduction
• Circuit Breaker
• The Arc
• Isolators
• Air Circuit Breakers
• Air Blast Circuit Breakers
• Vacuum Circuit Breakers
• Oil Circuit Breakers
• Sulfur Hexafluoride Circuit Breakers
• Circuit Breaker Ratings
• Circuit Breaker Controls
• High Voltage Circuit Breakers Comparison
• Reclosures
• Sectionalizers
• Fuses
• Fuse application
Restricted © Siemens AG 20XX
08/08/19
Page 2 XX.XX.20XX Author / Department
Circuit Breaker
A circuit breaker is a piece of equipment which can Make or break a circuit either
manually or by remote control under normal conditions.
Break a circuit automatically under fault condition
Make a circuit either manually or by remote under fault condition

Operating Principle
Circuit Breaker consists of fixed and moving contacts called electrodes

Under normal operating condition these contacts remain closed and will
not open automatically unless the system becomes faulty .These
contacts can be opened manually or by remote control.
When a fault occurs in a circuit the trip coils of the circuit breaker get
energized and the moving contacts are pulled apart by some mechanism
,thus opening the circuit.

Simplified Diagram of Circuit Breaker Control

Electric Arc

Electric Arc
When contacts of circuit breaker starts separating the contact resistance starts increasing. This
increases the (I square r) loss which is heat produced .
This heat increases the energy of electrons in the contact areas and the ionized particles tries to
maintain the current when contacts are separated.This flow of charged particles form one contact
to other is called an arc .
The medium surrounding the arc also contains ions .
Due to this charged particles the arc continues even if the breakers contacts are separated.
The voltage (potential gradient) across the arc is less and so it continues even for low voltages.

ARC in AC and DC circuits
DC arcs are to be interrupted by increasing the resistance interruption method in

which resistance of the arc is increased so that the arc voltage can no longer
maintain the current and the arc is extinguished.
Size of DC circuit breaker increases as the voltage level increases.
AC arcs current reduces to zero in each cycle (2 times)
If the circuit breaker contacts are opened at time when the current passed through
zero and dielectric strength of the medium is build up rapidly so that arc cannot
strike again then arc can be extinguished successfully.
Size of AC circuit breaker can be small compared to same voltage DC circuit
breaker.

Principles of Arc extinction
Separate the contacts of circuit breaker such that the arc resistance increases to a very high value.
The pd between the contacts is unable to maintain the arc current. For high voltage circuit breakers
this method is impracticable since a separation of many meters will be required.(High Resistance
Method)
The ionized particles between the contacts tend to maintain the arc. If the arc path is de-ionized ,the
arc extinction is facilitated .This may be achieved by cooling the arc or by bodily removing the ionized
particles from the space between the contacts.(Low Resistance Method)

Important terms
Arc Voltage – It is the voltage that appears across the contacts of the circuit
breakers during the arcing period as the contacts are opened.
Recovery voltage – It is the normal frequency voltage that appears across the
contacts of circuit breaker after final arc extinction.
Rate of rise of restriking voltage – (RRRV) It is the rate of increase of restriking
voltage .RRRV depends upon 1) recovery voltage and 2) Natural frequency of
oscillation

Restriking Voltage
It is the transient voltage that appears across the

contacts at or near current zero during arcing
period.
If dielectric strength rise is greater than the rise
of restriking voltage then the arc will not restrike.

Current Chopping
It is the phenomena of current interruption before natural current zero is reached. It occurs in air
blast circuit breaker because they retain same extinguishing power irrespective of the magnitude
of current to be interrupted.
When interrupting low inductive current e.g.magnetising current of transformer, a rapid deionizing
effect causes current , to fall below its zero value before natural current zero is called current
chopping.

Current Chopping

Resistance Switching

Resistance Switching
The switching Resistor (R) is connected in parallel with the CB contacts. Current chopping
produces high voltage oscillations which can be prevented by this method.
During arc interruption CB contacts separate first and after arc gets extinguished ‘S’ opens
depending upon the time delay provided to it.
When the fault occurs the CB contacts open and arc is struck between them. Since R is in parallel
with Cb contacts ,a part of arc current flows through this resistance so arc current decreases and
deionization rate increases. The arc resistance also increases so current through R increases. This
continue till the arc current is insufficient to maintain the arc.

Circuit Breaker Rating
Breaking capacity – It is the current (r.m.s.) that a Circuit Breaker is capable of breaking at given
recovery voltage and under specified conditions.
Making Capacity – The peak value of current (including DC component) during the first cycle of
current wave after closure of circuit breaker is known as making capacity. Making capacity = 2.55 ×
symmetrical breaking capacity
Short time rating – It is the period for which the CB is able to carry fault current while remaining
closed.
Normal current rating – It is the r.m.s. value of current which the CB is capable of carrying
continuously at its rated frequency under rated specified conditions.

IEEE Standards for Selection of Circuit Breakers
Step 1.Calculate highest value of initial RMS current considering symmetrical fault. The current
can be obtained by sub -transient reactance of synchronous generators and transient reactance
of synchronous motors and induction motors are neglected.
Following Multiplying factors are applied to take into account dc components and decrement of
dc components in current. If short circuit KVA exceeds 5000,000 ,then add 0.1 to the given
factors
8 cycles or slow breaker 1.0
5 cycle breaker 1.1
3 cycle breaker 1.2
2 cycle breaker 1.4

IEEE Standards for Selection of Circuit Breakers

1) CB rated 1500A,1000MVA,33kV,3sec,3phase oil C.B. Find
a)rated normal current b) breaking capacity c)rated symmetrical
current d)Rated making current e) short time rating f)rated
service voltage

Requirements of Circuit Breaker

Classification of Circuit Breakers

08/08/19
Dr.Latif Shaikh
Air Circuit Breakers
1.In this Circuit Breaker the arc is elongated using arc

runners and arc splitters so as to increase the resistance of
the arc.
3.This increases the voltage required to maintain the arc and
if the available voltage cannot sustain the arc ,the arc gets
extinguished.
2.At current zero ,the recovery voltage across the contacts
becomes less than the arc voltage and the arc gets
extinguished.
4. The energy in the system inductance at current zero is
zero .Hence arc interruption is easier.

08/08/19
Dr.Latif Shaikh
Air Circuit Breakers
1.Used For low voltage levels and current levels

2.As voltage level increases, the size of breaker becomes large so not convenient for higher voltage
and current levels.
3.Air is used as medium to extinguish the arc which have inferior extinguishing properties compared
to SF6 or Vacuum circuit breakers
4.Operating control is manual as well as automatic.
5.It is used up to 6.6kV with a breaking capacity of 15MVA.
6.Suitable for repeated operation because medium of arc extinction is air . So commonly used in
Industrial Switchgears . Auxiliary switchgear Generating Stations

Air Blast Circuit Breakers
In this breaker, a high pressure air blast is used as an arc quenching medium.
The contacts are opened and a flow of air blast is maintained by opening the blast
valve.
The air blast cools the arc and takes away the arcing products to atmosphere .
This rapidly increases the dielectric strength of the medium between the contacts and
the arc is extinguished and the flow of current is interrupted.

08/08/19
Dr.Latif Shaikh
Air Blast Circuit Breaker(Radial Flow)

Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages
High speed of operation Cost is more
Short arcing time For complete compress air installation
High speed reclosing is required
Less weigh as compared to oil circuit These breakers are more sensitive to
breakers RRRV.
Very less maintenance For operation and maintenance
No possibility of explosion ,highly skilled persons are required

Air Blast Circuit Breakers (Axial Flow)

Axial Blast ABCB
Air is admitted in the arc extinction chamber it pushes the moving contact. This air
blast takes away the ionized gases along with it. Afterwards the arc gets extinguished.
High pressure air has higher dielectric strength.
The design is such that the air expands into the low pressure (atmospheric pressure
zone).The air at high speed removes heat from the arc, thus arc is quenched.
Diameter of arc is reduced.
Uses
1. Arc Furnaces,
2.Traction System.

Modification of Air Blast Circuit Breakers

Advantages of Air Blast Circuit Breaker

Disadvantages of Air Blast Circuit Breakers

Applications of Air Blast Circuit Breakers

Vacuum Circuit Breakers
When two contacts of this circuit breaker are separated in vacuum an arc is struck and hot spots are
formed on the surface of the contacts .These hot spots produce metal vapor and plasma .the amount
of vapor in plasma depends on how rapidly the vapor is emitted from contact surface which depends
on the arc current. The current is of alternating nature, it pass through zero several times, so the rate
of vapor emission also becomes zero , and the vapor already emitted gets condensed . During this
process the dielectric strength builds up rapidly and the restriking of arc is prevented.

Vacuum Circuit Breaker

It consists of fixed contact, moving contact and arc shield mounted inside a vacuum chamber. The
movable member is connected to the control mechanism by stainless steel bellows. This enables the
permanent sealing of the vacuum chamber so as to eliminate the possibility of leakage,.
A glass vessel or ceramic vessel is used as outer insulating body. The arc shield prevents the
deterioration of the internal dielectric strength by preventing the deterioration of the internal dielectric
strength.
Applications –
Outdoor application where maintenance required is minimum. In the high voltage system from 22 KV
to 66kV power Circuits.

Working of Vacuum Circuit Breaker
When two contacts of circuit breaker are separated in vacuum arc is struck and hot
spots are formed on the surface of the contacts. These hot spots produce metal
vapor and plasma.
At current zero the rate of vapor emission becomes zero.
The vapor already emitted gets condensed .
During this process the dielectric strength builds up and the restriking of arc is
prevented.

Compact in size Vacuum has to be maintained at
Reliable and long life desired level always
Heavy fault can be interrupted
effectively
No gas is generated after arc
extinction operation
Operation is not noisy
Arc energy is low
No risk of fire

Oil Circuit Breakers

Oil Circuit Breakers
This breaker makes use of oil for quenching the arc.

The circuit breaker which uses more oil or which is bulky is called bulk oil circuit breaker.
The construction is simple and it consists of fixed and moving contacts enclosed in a strong
weather –tight earthed tank containing oil up to a certain level and an air cushion above the
oil level.
Application
These breakers are used up to 11 KV with an interrupting capacity of 250MVA.

Oil Circuit Breaker (Working)
Under normal working conditions, the fixed and moving contacts are closed. On the occurrence of fault,
the moving contacts come down and an arc is struck between the contacts. The oil between the contacts
gets decomposed and hydrogen gas bubble is formed around the contacts. The hydrogen gas cools the
arc and rthe turbulence effect cause the lengthening of arc. The deionization of medium between contacts
takes place and at some critical length of gap between the contacts ,the arc is extinguished.
The hydrogen gas bubble produces a very high pressure in the oil. The tank is therefore made strong to
withstand a large pressure. The oil moves upwards when hydrogen bubble is formed. The air is present
between the oil level and tank top and acts as cushion and absorbs mechanical shock produced due to
upward oil movement.

Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker
oil has high dielectric strength Long arcing time
Oil absorbs arc energy while Do not permit high speed of interruption
decomposing Arc interruption control can be obtained
Good cooling property of the gas only by increasing the length of arc
formed due to decomposition
It acts as an insulator between the live
parts and earth

Low Oil circuit Breakers
Operation
When the contacts are separated in oil
arc is formed. The heat of arc
decomposes oil and gases are formed.
These gases expand due to heating of
the arc. The gas flowing near the
contact zone cause cooling and splitting
of the arc and the arc gets extinguished.

Minimum Oil Circuit Breakers
In this breaker, the supporting ,current interruption and top chamber are made of porcelain .Hence,
clearance between live parts is small and requires less quantity of oil, hence the breaker is called
Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker. The chambers are completely filled with oil. The oil from upper
chamber does not come to lower.
The fixed contact is enclosed in the quenching chamber. Moving contact makes sliding contact with
the lower fixed contact. The operating rod is operated by operating mechanism, the three poles
operate simultaneously.
The voltage ratings are from 3.6kV to 420 KV.
Applications –Minimum oil circuit breakers are available in for all voltages and highest breaking
capacity hence they are preferred in almost all protection schemes

Maintenance of Oil Circuit Breakers

Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker
Requires less quantity of oil Possibility of fire and explosion.
Requires smaller space Difficult to remove gases from the
Maintenance is less space between contacts.
Cost per breaking capacity in MVA is Oil deteriorates rapidly due to
less carbonization
Suitable for both manual and Smaller quantity of oil, so
automatic operation carbonization increases.

SF6 circuit Breaker (Properties of SF6 gas)
Electronegative –It has the ability of an atom to attract and

hold electrons. Such gas have high dielectric stremngth.SF6
is electronegative .It forms negative ions ,Negative ions are
heavy and immobile so they do not flow easily .Hence SF6
gas has high dielectric strength.
Rate of rise of dielectric strength is very high.
Can be liquefied and stored in steel tanks
Dielectric strength increase linearly with pressure.
Gas is inert. Therefore contacts will not get eroded.
Gas is non –inflammable , Colorless ,odorless, Non-toxic
Thermally stable up to 55 degrees

Sulfur Hexafluoride Circuit Breaker

Operation of SF6 Circuit Breaker
Under normal operating conditions the contacts are closed .

On occurance of fault contacts are opened. The movable contact moves
away from the fixed contact.
The arc is struck between the fixed and moving contacts.
High pressure SF6 gas now flows over the arc and it absorbs the free
electrons from the arc.
This builds up the dielectric strength between the gap very fast and the
arc is extinguished

Advantages and Disadvantages of SF6 Breaker
Silent operation, compact size Costly
Vary short arcing time Requires conditioning of SF6 gas from time
No risk of fire to time
No reduction in dielectric strength due SF6 gas is suffocating ,so its leakage can
to operation cause suffocation of the persons in
No current chopping problem surrounding areas.
Can interrupt larger currents Special facilities are required for
Suitable for explosive environment due transporting gas
to totally enclosed body Additional equipments are required for
reconditioning

Isolators

Isolators
Isolator(disconnecting switch) operates under no load condition. It does not have

any current breaking capacity or current making capacity. Isolator is not even
used for breaking load currents.
Isolators are used in addition to circuit breakers ,and are provided on each side
of every circuit breaker to provide isolation and enable maintenance.
Sequence of operation
While opening –Open circuit breaker first and then isolators
While closing –Close isolators first and then close circuit breakers

Circuit Breaker Controls
Different types of controls are required for successful operation of circuit

breakers.
1.Relays – These are required to give a trip signal to circuit breaker in
case of fault condition. Different types of relays are available like over
current, over voltage ,under voltage, loss of excitation, reverse power
etc.
2.Sensor equipments are required to check the condition of circuit
breakers arc extinguishing medium .
The controls are pressure sensors to sense the pressure of air in case of
air blast circuit breakers .
In case of Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breakers also the pressure sensors
are required.
In case of vacuum circuit breakers also sensors are required to check
the vacuum level in the breaker.
Automatic Reclosing
Many faults (80-90%) in the overhead distribution system like flash over of insulators, crow faults,
temporary tree contacts , etc are temporary in nature. Thus, taking a feeder or line permanent
outage may lead to unnecessary long loss of service to customers. Hence, many utilities use fast
automatic reclosers for an overhead radial feeder without synchronous machines or with minimum
induction motor load. Presence of synchronous machines will require additional problem of
synchro-check to be addressed. The almost universal practice is to use three and occasionally
four attempts to restore service before lock out .

Subsequently, energization is by manual intervention. The initial reclosure can be
high speed (0.2 - 0.5sec) or delayed for 3 - 5 seconds. This allows for de-ionization
time for fault arc. If the temporary fault is cleared, then the service is restored.
Otherwise, the relay again trips the feeder. Then one or two additional time delayed
reclosures are programmed on the reclosing relay. Typical schedule might be
instantaneous, followed by 30sec, or 35sec, followed by 15sec. If the circuit still
continues to trip, the fault is declared as permanent and the recloser is locked out.
Reclosers use three phase and single phase oil or vacuum circuit breakers for
overhead distribution lines.
 With underground network, faults tend to be more often permanent and reclosers
are not recommended. In case of large synchronous motors, distributed generators
or induction motor loads, it is recommended that sufficient time is allowed for
underfrequency relays to trip these sources of back emf out-of-the-circuit.

Reclosures
Application of recloser in distribution systems requires selection of its ratings such as minimum
trip current, continuous current, symmetrical interrupting current etc.
For a single phase system, single phase recloser can be used whereas for a three phase
system, one three phase recloser or three single phase recloser can be used. Recloser have to
be selected by considering the following factors.
Voltage Rating.
Continuous current Rating : This is the maximum load current the recloser has to carry.
Maximum Symmetrical Interrupting Rating: The maximum symmetrical fault current should not
exceed this rating.
Minimum Tripping current : This is the minimum fault current that a recloser will clear. It is equal
to two times the continuous current rating. Usually tolerance is ±10%. This decides the
sensitivity of the recloser

Example on Reclosure Selection
Consider a three phase distribution system with a single phase tap as

shown in fig . Maximum load on this single phase tap is 40A and that on
three phase line is 200A. Fault currents at F1,F2, F3 and F4 are also
shown in the fig. Table shows the available standard rating of single
phase and three phase reclosers. Select the ratings of reclosers at B.

IEEE Standard Table for Reclosure Selection

Answer
Reclose at B
Maximum load current on this single phase line = 40A.
Continuous current rating of this recloser must be 1.25 - 1.5 times the maximum load current to account for
anticipated load growth.
i.e. Continuous current rating of this recloser at B = 40 × 1.5 = 60A.
From the table 1, any recloser with continuous current rating of 100A and above is acceptable.
Maximum fault current at B = 1750A.
Interrupting current rating must be greater than 1750A. From the table 1, we see that recloser with 100A continous
current rating has 2000A symmetrical rms short circuit current rating. Hence, we can choose this recloser.
Minimum tripping current = Continuous current rating × 2 ± 10% tolerance
= 100 × 2 ± 10% of 200 = 220A
Since the minimum trip current 220A is less than the minimum fault current 250A at the line end, it can protect the
entire line.
Voltage rating of the line is 11kV. So we can select the maximum voltage rating of 15.5kV (from the table).

Sectionalizers

Sectionalizers
Sectionalizers are used in the bus bars so that fault on any section of bus bar will not cause
complete shut down.
Advantages of sectionalizers
1.If fault occurs on any section of bus bars then that section is isolated from other sections without
affecting the system.
2.Fault current is much lower than in case of un sectionalized system (as the fault is fed from only
one section)
3.Repairing and maintenance on one section can be carried out by de energizing that section only
eliminating the possibility of complete shut down.
The breaker in the bus bars is acting as sectionalizing breaker in the shown figure.

Fuses
Fuse is a device used in circuit for protecting

electrical equipments against overloads and /or short
circuits.
Fuse element or fuse wire is that part of the fuse
device which melts when an excessive current flows
in the circuit and thus isolates the faulty device from
the supply circuit.
Desirable qualities of fuse elements
1.Low melting point
2.Low ohmic losses
3.High conductivity
4.Free from deterioration due to oxidation
5.Low cost

Thermal Characteristic of Fuse
As the magnitude of the current increases, melting time

reduces. It should be obvious that larger magnitude
currents will lead to higher power dissipation (I2R) in the
fuse and hence faster rise in temperature of the
element. This would imply that melting time of the fuse
should be inversely proportional to magnitude of square
of current. The relationship between the magnitude of
the current that causes melting and the time needed for
it to melt is given by the fuse's melting time current
characteristics (TCC). To cover a wide range of currents
and operating time, TCC is plotted on a log-log paper.

Current Voltage Time relationship of Non Current Current Voltage Time relationship of Current
Limiting Fuse (Expulsion Fuse) Limiting Fuse

Expulsion Fuse
The expulsion type fuse is used where expulsion gases cause no problem
such as in overhead circuits and equipment. These fuses can be termed as
current awaiting types; and the function of interrupting medium is similar to
that of an ac circuit breaker. The temperature of arc is of the order of 4000-
5000K. At this temperature special materials located in close proximity to
fuse element rapidly create gases. Preferred gas generating materials are
fiber, melamine, boric acid and liquids such as oil or carbon tetrachloride.
These gases help to create a high pressure turbulent medium surrounding
the arc, thus when the current does reach to zero and the arc channel
reduces to a minimum; the ablated gases rapidly mix with remaining ionized
gas and thereby deionize them as well as remove them from ‘arc area'. In
turn, this leads to rapid build up of dielectric strength that can withstand the
transient recovery voltage (TRV) and steady state power system voltage.

Vacuum Fuses
Vacuum fuse is a non expulsive fuse but still a current zero awaiting
type. The design, operation and current-voltage-time relationship of this
fuse closely matches with that of an expulsion fuse. The main difference
is that it is a completely sealed unit and no expulsion action. Interruption
occurs because of rapid dielectric build up that occur in a vacuum after
current zero is reached

Current Limiting Fuse
Basically, the current limiting fuses attempt to constrict

the arc and it is cooled by sand.
A typical current limiting fuse is shown in fig . In this

case, the fusible element is very long. The element is
completely surrounded with filler material, typically
silica sand, to contain the arc as well as maintain a
very high pressure in the long restricted arc area
caused by the practically simultaneous melting of the
full length of element. This then allows the fuse to
produce a very high resistance in the circuit in a very
short period of time (typically hundreds of µsec).

SIEMENS Ltd
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Prepared By-:Yaggesh Paroha

• RollPrepared By-:Yaggesh Paroha
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BORL Site Bina
• BORL Site Bina
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Formats disponibles

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Circuit Breakers and Recloser

Restricted © Siemens IPM 2016 siemens.tld/ BORL

Restricted © Siemens AG 20XX

Circuit Breaker consists of fixed and moving contacts called electrodes

Restricted © Siemens AG 20XX

Restricted © Siemens AG 20XX

Restricted © Siemens AG 20XX

Restricted © Siemens AG 20XX

DC arcs are to be interrupted by increasing the resistance interruption method in

Restricted © Siemens AG 20XX

Restricted © Siemens AG 20XX

Restricted © Siemens AG 20XX

It is the transient voltage that appears across the

Restricted © Siemens AG 20XX

Restricted © Siemens AG 20XX

Restricted © Siemens AG 20XX

Restricted © Siemens AG 20XX

Restricted © Siemens AG 20XX

Restricted © Siemens AG 20XX

5 cycle breaker 1.1

3 cycle breaker 1.2

2 cycle breaker 1.4

Restricted © Siemens AG 20XX

Restricted © Siemens AG 20XX

Restricted © Siemens AG 20XX

Restricted © Siemens AG 20XX

Restricted © Siemens AG 20XX

1.In this Circuit Breaker the arc is elongated using arc

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1.Used For low voltage levels and current levels

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Restricted © Siemens AG 20XX

Restricted © Siemens AG 20XX

Restricted © Siemens AG 20XX

Restricted © Siemens AG 20XX

Restricted © Siemens AG 20XX

Restricted © Siemens AG 20XX

Restricted © Siemens AG 20XX

Restricted © Siemens AG 20XX

Restricted © Siemens AG 20XX

Restricted © Siemens AG 20XX

Restricted © Siemens AG 20XX

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This breaker makes use of oil for quenching the arc.

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Electronegative –It has the ability of an atom to attract and

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Under normal operating conditions the contacts are closed .

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Isolator(disconnecting switch) operates under no load condition. It does not have