Control and Coordination

Stick Progression sheet and

pre-assessment sheet in two
different pages.
Lo: To study and understand how living organisms use specialized
tissues to control and coordinate activities.

• Life processes involves in the maintenance functions in living organisms.

• Movement in organisms shows life in them.

Why do we associate such visible movements with life?

• As a response to a change in the environment of the organism.

Eg: Plants grow out into the sunshine,

• camels chew cud to help break up (stimuli) tough food so as to be able
to digest (response) it better ,
• we whisper to our friends in the class rather than shouting loudly etc

These movements to be made depends on the event that is triggering it, which
results in correct response.
 Some important terms
• Stimulus- any external or internal factor that
causes a living organism to react is called a
stimulus. (Pl: stimuli)
• Response- the specific reaction shown by a
living organism towards a stimulus
• Impulse- an electrical signal that travels along
a nerve fiber in response to a stimulus and
carries specific messages.
• Receptors- group of organs that receive sensory impulses and convey them
to the brain.
• Effectors- group of organs that show responses to a specific stimulus.
• Synapse- is the gap between the nerve endings of one nerve and the
dendrites of the other neuron/Junction between the neurons.

Name two tissues which provide control and coordination in animals.

• Nervous and Muscular tissues.

General scheme of how nerve impulses travel in the body.
• All information from our environment is detected by the specialized
tips (our sense organs) of some nerve cells.
• The information acquired at the end of the dendritic tip of a nerve
cell sets off a chemical reaction that creates an electrical impulse.
• This impulse travels from the dendrite to the cell body, and then along
the axon to its end.
• At the end of the axon, the electrical impulse sets off the release of
some chemicals.
• These chemicals cross the gap, or synapse, and start a similar
electrical impulse in a dendrite of the next neuron.
• A similar synapse finally allows delivery of such impulses from
neurons to other cells, such as muscles cells or gland.
 Nervous System
Structure of a neuron or nerve cell
A neuron or nerve cell is made up of two main parts;
a) Cyton
b) Axon
Cyton – also called cell body, contains a large prominent
nucleus in the center.
• The cell membrane is branched into several
cytoplasmic branches called dendrites.
Function of Dendrites – Receives the stimulus and conducts
nerve impulse towards cyton.
• The cytoplasm of a nerve cell is called neuroplasm.
b) Axon – The long cytoplasmic projection of the neuron that
extends from the cell body.
• An axon is covered by an insulating membrane called
neurolemna
• Axons carry the impulse they receive from the cyton.
• They usually terminate into another neuron or an organ or
gland or muscle.

A nerve provides a common pathway for the electrochemical nerve

impulse that are transmitted along each of the axons.
 Nervous System
Structure of a neuron

Nodes of Ranvier
Different Types of Receptors
 Gustatory receptors will detect taste

 Olfactory receptors will detect smell

 Photo receptors will detect vision

 Auditory receptors will detect hearing

 Thigmo-receptors will detect touch/cold/hot.

What happens at the synapse between two neurons?

A nerve impulse on reaching the terminal end of an axon

release chemicals called neurotransmitters at its tip. These
chemicals cross the gap (synapse) and start the impulse in the
next neuron or to an effectors organ, muscle etc.

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter, which is a chemical released by a nerve

cell or neuron.
 Types of Neurons
• Sensory neurons- Those neurons that carry impulses from the
receptors (sense organs)to the brain. These impulses are sensory
in nature.

• Motor neurons- Those neurons that carry impulses from the

brain to the effectors . These impulses are motor in nature.

• Associated (mixed)neurons- They are also called mixed neurons

as they carry impulses both to and from the brain. They are also
called spinal nerves.

Relay neurons carry messages from one part of the CNS to another.
Reflex action :-
Reflex action is a sudden, unconscious and involuntary response
of the effectors to a stimulus.
Eg :- We suddenly withdraw our hand if we suddenly touch a hot
object.
In this reflex action, the nerves in the skin (receptor) detects the
heat and passes the message through the sensory nerves to the spinal
cord. Then the information passes through the motor nerves to the
muscles (effector) of the hand and we withdraw our hand.
Reflex arc :-
The pathway of a reflex action is called reflex arc.
In a reflex arc the stimulus is received by the receptors (sense organs)
and it passes through the sensory nerves to the spinal cord. From the
spinal cord the information passes through the motor nerves to the
effectors (muscles/glands) for the response.

Stimulus

Receptors
Sensory nerves
(Sense organ)

Spinal cord

Effectors
Motor nerves
(Muscles/Glands)

Response
• Reflex arcs are formed in the spinal cord.

Significance of reflex action

• Enable the body to give quick response to harmful stimuli so
that chances of the damage to the body is minimized or
decreased.
• Prevents over work to brain thereby preventing fatigue.
 Nerves
A bundle of neurons with a common envelop
around the axons called nerve membrane.

A nerve provides a common pathway for the

electrochemical nerve impulse that are transmitted
along each of the axons.
Human Nervous
System
 Classification of the Human Nervous
System
The human Nervous System is classified into
three major divisions-

• The Central Nervous System

• The Peripheral Nervous System
• The Autonomous Nervous System
 Central Nervous System
 The CNS constitutes the main division of the
Nervous system in Human Beings.
 It comprises of two main organs concerned
with control and coordination-
A) The Brain
B) The Spinal Cord.
The Peripheral Nervous System

Consists of 1)Cranial nerves and

2)spinal nerves

Cranial nerves(12 pairs) originate from the brain and supply

messages to different parts of the body.

•Spinal nerves-31 Pairs of spinal nerves originate in the spinal

cord and branch out to both sides of the body.

•Within the spinal cord, motor and sensory neurons are

connected by INTERNEURONS (relay neurons).
The Structure of the Brain

The Brain
The brain has three such major parts or regions,
namely the
1. fore-brain,
2. mid-brain and
3. hind-brain.

The fore-brain is also known as cerebrum(largest

part of the brain)
• It is the main thinking part of the brain.
• It has regions which receive sensory impulses from
various receptors help in hearing, smell, sight,
sensation of feeling fullness in the stomach and so
on.
Mid-brain
• Hypothalamus- for chemical coordination, and temperature
control.
• Pituitary gland (master gland)- secretion of hormones

Hind-brain
Activities like walking in a straight line, riding a bicycle, picking up
a pencil are possible due to a part of the hind-brain called the
cerebellum.
Hind brain is made up of three parts:
a) Cerebellum-is responsible for precision (exact) of voluntary
actions and maintaining the posture and balance of the body.
b) Pons-Involuntary action and regulating respiration .
c) Medulla oblongata- controls involuntary actions like blood
pressure, salivation and vomiting.
Q-Mention one role of each of the following:
(i) Cerebellum (ii) Fore - brain (iii) Medulla.
1.Cerebellum - It is responsible for precision of voluntary actions/ maintaining the
posture and balance of the body.
Eg: Soldiers moving in a parade
Learning a new, complex skill, such as playing the violin
(ii) Fore - brain : -Thinking
(iii) Medulla - controls involuntary actions like blood pressure, salivation and vomiting.

The cerebrum or cortex is the largest part of the human brain, associated
with higher brain function such as thought and action.
Lo: To know how the brain is protected?

• The brain sits inside a bony box.

• Inside the bony box, there is a fluid-filled space called
cerebrospinal fluid which acts like a shock absorber.
• The vertebral column or backbone (hard, bumpy structure)
protects the spinal cord .
COORDINATION IN PLANTS
Plants have neither a nervous system nor muscles.
Specialized proteins found in animal muscle cells whereas plant cells change shape by
changing the amount of water in them, resulting in swelling or shrinking, and therefore in
changing shapes.

From the below two examples we can understand that,

For Example:
1) Germination of a seed.
• When a seed germinates, the root goes down, the stem comes up into the
air. This directional movement of a seedling is caused by growth.

2) Folding up and drooping of ‘touch-me-not’(Mimosa pudica) plant when

the leaves are touched.

• The leaves of the sensitive plant move very quickly in response to touch.
This doesn't undergo any growth.
So the plants show two different types of movement –

1. Movement dependent on growth or tropic movements

2. Movement independent of growth or nastic movements.
Growth dependent movements in plant.

i. Growth dependent movements result in the growth of plants.

ii. Growth dependent movements are also called tropic
movements.
iii. Growth dependent movements are in response to light, water,
chemical stimuli, gravity, etc.

Growth independent movements in plant.

i. Growth independent movements do not result in the growth of

plants.
ii. Growth independent movements are also called nastic
movements.
iii. Growth independent movements are in response to touch or for
capturing prey or liberating the seeds.
Immediate Response to Stimulus in plants
How do plants respond to stimuli?

The plants also use electrical-chemical means to convey this information from
cell to cell.
Plant cells change shape by changing the amount of water in them, resulting in
swelling or shrinking, resulting in movement.

1) Movement dependent on growth or tropic movements

How is pea plant able to climb up other plants or fences?

Explain.
•The tendrils that are present in pea plants are sensitive to touch.
•Auxin hormone help in the growth of the tendrils. When the tip of the tendril touches
the support, auxin get produced and migrate to the base of the tendril and causes the
tendril to circle around the object and are growing in a particular direction and thus
cling to it.
Thus growth is directional, it appears as if the plant is moving.
Q.What is meant by tropic movements?

Ans- Plant growth movements in response to stimuli from a

particular direction are called tropic movements.

Eg: Phototropism, Hydrotropism, Chemotropism, Geotropism,

Thigmotropism.

2 ) Movement independent of growth or nastic movement

Plant parts grow in the direction of stimuli such as light, or gravity.

These directional, or tropic, movements can be either towards the stimulus, or away from it.
 The stimuli and the type of tropism
Description Stimuli Tropism
Shoot system in plants moving light Phototropism
towards light
Roots grow in search of water water Hydrotropism

Growth of pollen tube towards Chemical Chemotropism

ovules
Movement of roots towards Gravity Geotropism
gravity
Movement of leaves in Touch Thigmotropism
mimosa(touch-me-not) plant
when touched
Q. What is phototropism? State its cause. Describe an activity to demonstrate it.

A. Phototropism - Movement of shoot towards light is called phototropism. This

movement is caused due to more growth of cells towards the shaded side of the
shoot as compared to the side of shoot towards light, due to auxin.

Activity - Place a potted plant in a box in which light comes from only one
direction. In a few days we will observe that the shoot moves towards the side
from which light come in the box.

Q-What is meant by chemotropism?

Ans- The movement of plant parts towards chemical stimuli.

Eg: the growth of pollen tubes towards ovules.
An example is the growth of a pollen tube down the style during fertilization in response
to the presence of sugars in the style.

Plant Hormones
Different plant hormones help to coordinate growth, development and responses
to the environment. They are synthesized at places away from where they act and
simply diffuse to the area of action.
 Plant Hormones Functions

Auxins Promotes cell division mainly in stem tip and

root tips( cell elongation), growth of seed,
fruits
-Growth promoter hormone

Gibberellins Growth of stem and flowers

Cytokinins Cell division, Area of rapid cell division such
as seed and fruits opening of stomata-used
in tissue culture to promote growth.
Abscisic acid Wilting of leaves, growth inhibitor hormone

Ethylene- Ethylene is a plant hormone that affects ripening of fruits and controls wilting
of leaves in plants.
Q- List in tabular form three differences in the movement of leaves of a Touch-me-
not plant (the plant of the Mimosa family) when touched and movement of a
tendril towards a support.

Nastic movements Tropic movements

Nastic movements occurs when the stimulus is present but do not involve
towards or away from the stimulus like temperature, humidity light etc.
Question:
(a) Identify the phytohormone used by plants while performing the
following functions:
(i) Cell division in shoot tip.
(ii) Inhibiting growth on approach of unfavorable conditions.

(b) List in tabular form two differences between the movements in “touch
me not‟ plant and movement of shoot towards light.

Ans- (a) (i) Cytokinins (ii) Abscisic acid (Pg 122)

Study the given diagram and answer the questions that follow:-
i)

ii) Name the parts A and B. (iii) What does the above set up depict.

(i) A – roots B – shoots

(ii) The set up depicts positive and negative geotropism.
(iii) The shoots depict negative geotropism as they move away from gravity.
The roots depict positive geotropism as they bend towards gravity
in response to the pull of the earth.
Q. Name the plant growth hormone which is synthesized at the shoot tip. Explain
briefly, why does a plant shoot bend towards light during its growth.
Ans- A hormone called auxin is synthesized at the shoot tip.
When the light is coming from one direction of the plant, auxin diffuses, towards,
the shady side. This concentration of auxin stimulates the cell to grow longer on
the side of the shoot which is away from light. Thus the plant appears to bend
towards light.
Q- A florist sprinkled a plant hormone to prevent wilting of leaves.
a) Name the hormone he must have used.
b) Give two more examples of plant hormones and also write their function.

a) Ethylene .
b) Gibberellins - help in the growth of stem
Cytokinins - promote cell division
Q- Electrical impulses are an excellent means of quick transfer of
information in animals but there are limitations to the use of electrical
impulses.
a) List such two limitations.
b) State the other means of communication used by most multicellular
organisms between the cells?

Two limitations are :

1. They reach only those cells that are connected by nervous tissue and
not each and every cell in the animal body.
2. Once an electrical impulse is generated in a cell and transmitted, the
cell will take some time to reset its mechanisms before it can
generate and transmit electrical impulse.
Other means of communication is chemical communication or chemical
coordination by compounds called hormones.
Q- How does chemical coordination take place in
animals?

• Stimulated cells release a chemical compound (hormones), this

compound would diffuse all around the original cell.
• If other cells around the original cell have the means to detect
this compound using special molecules on their surfaces, then
they would be able to recognize information, and even transmit
it.
Thus, transmission of messages gradually reach all cells of the
body.
 Endocrine glands
Glands- structures which secrete a specific substances in the body.
Two types of glands
a) Exocrine glands- secretions are put into a duct.
Eg: Salivary glands produces saliva and are released through a duct
called salivary duct
b) Endocrine glands or ductless glands- a group of tissues that makes
hormones in the body.
These glands produce chemical substances(messenger) called
hormones that coordinates the activities and growth of living
organisms.

Some glands show dual properties ie, as endocrine as well as exocrine

Eg: Pancreas, ovary and testes.

Pancreas as endocrine to release insulin directly to blood.

and it act as exocrine to release pancreatic juice to the pancreatic duct
that leads to alimentary canal
 HORMONES IN ANIMALS
Gland Animal hormones Functions Deficiency
diseases
Thyroid gland Thyroxin Regulates carbohydrates Goiter
protein and fat metabolism-
best balance for growth
Pituitary gland Growth hormone Growth and development of Dwarfism
the body
Pancreas Insulin Controls sugar level in the Diabetes
Enzymes-trypsin, Lipase blood stream
Adrenal gland Adrenalin Acts on the heart, skeletal Addison's disease-
muscles etc, cope with inadequate amounts of
stressful conditions. steroid hormones-
cortisol
Gonads i) Testosterone (male) (i) To develop male
i) Testis secondary sex organs
at puberty, to develop
male secondary sexual
characters like beard,
moustaches, deep
voice etc ---------------
ii) Ovary i) Estrogen (female) ii) responsible for the
changes noticed in females
at puberty
Q- Why is it important for us to have iodised salt in our diet?
Ans- Iodine is necessary for the thyroid gland to make thyroxin hormone.

Q- What is feedback mechanism? Explain with an example how the timing and amount
of hormone secreted are regulated in human body.
Ans- The timing and amount of hormone released are regulated by feedback
mechanism.
Eg. If the sugar levels in blood rise, they are detected by the cells of pancreas which
respond by producing more insulin.

Q--Raj’s father has been advised by a doctor to reduce his sugar intake.
(i) Name the disease he is suffering from and name the hormone whose deficiency
causes it.
(ii) (ii) Identify the gland that secretes it and mention the function of this hormone.
(iii) (iii) Explain how the time and amount of secretion of this hormone is regulated in
human system.
Ans-- i) Diabetes, insulin.
(ii) Pancreas, This hormone regulates blood sugar level.
(iii) Feedback mechanism – When sugar level falls, it is detected by cells of
pancreas.
HOTS-Homework

Nervous and hormonal system together perform the function of control and coordination
in human beings. Justify your answer.
Q--People in the hilly areas have goiter but not people in coastal areas. Give reason.

Ans- In hilly areas (away from the sea coast)the soil lacks enough amount of
iodine which results in goiter (swollen neck)when compared to the soil in the coastal
areas (the salt content in the soil is very high).

Q--How does adrenaline help an athlete to prepare for running? Explain.

Also name the source gland.

Ans--Adrenaline is released into the blood, acts on specific organs.

Eg: increasing heart rate, decreasing blood supply to abdominal muscles,
increasing blood supply to skeletal muscles, increasing breathing rate.
Produces : - adrenaline

Q--A boys runs on seeing a stray dog. His breathing becomes very fast and blood pressure
also increases. Name the hormone found to be high in his
blood and the gland which produces it.

Ans--Adrenaline, Adrenal gland

Q-- List three characteristics of animal’s hormones.

(i) Acts as a chemical messengers

(ii) Secreted by endocrine glands.
(iii) Poured directly into the blood stream
(iv) Act on target organ.

Q--What is the difference between the manner in which movement takes place in a
sensitive plant and the movement in our legs?