Magnetic Circuit

Arif Juwito
 Magnetic Field
• Magnetic flux lines similar to electric flux lines
• The symbol for magnetic flux is the Greek letter Φ (phi)

1. Fluks distribution for a permanent magnet

2. Fluks distribution for two adjacent, opposite poles

3. Fluks distribution for two adjacent, like poles

4. Effect of a ferromagnetic sample on the flux

distribution of a permanent magnet
5. Effect of a magnetic shield on the flux
distribution

6. Magnetic flux lines around a current-carrying

conductor
7. Flux distribution of a single-turn coil

8. Flux distribution of a current-carrying coil

 9. Electromagnet

Determining the direction of flux for an

electromagnet: (a) method; (b) notation
Application
Flux Density
• In the SI system of units, magnetic flux is measured in webers,
and has the symbol Φ.
• The number of flux lines per unit area is called the flux density,
is denoted by the capital letter B, and is measured in teslas

• Where Φ is the number of flux lines passing through the area

A,
• 1 T = 1 Wb/m2
Example
• For the core of Fig, determine the flux density B in teslas !

• Solution :
• In Fig before, if the flux density is 1.2 T and the area is 0.25
in.2, determine the flux through the core !

• Solution
Permeability
• If cores of different materials with the same physical
dimensions are used in the electromagnet, he strength of the
magnet will vary in accordance with the core used.
• This variation in strength is due to the greater or lesser
number of flux lines passing through the core
• Materials in which flux lines can readily be set up are said to
be magnetic and to have high permeability
• The permeability (μ) of a material, therefore, is a measure of
the ease with which magnetic flux lines can be established in
the material.
• Practically speaking, the permeability of all nonmagnetic
materials, such as copper, aluminum, wood, glass, and air, is
the same as that for free space.
• Materials that have permeabilities slightly less than that of
free space are said to be diamagnetic.
• and those with permeabilities slightly greater than that of free
space are said to be paramagnetic.
• Magnetic materials, such as iron, nickel, steel, cobalt, and
alloys of these metals, have permeabilities hundreds and even
thousands of times that of free space. Materials with these
very high permeabilities are referred to as ferromagnetic.
• The ratio of the permeability of a material to that of free
space is called its relative permeability.

• In general, for ferromagnetic materials, μr ≥ 100, and for

nonmagnetic materials, μr = 1
Reluctance
• The resistance of a material to the flow of charge (current) is
determined for electric circuits by the equation

• The reluctance of a material to the setting up of magnetic flux

lines in the material is determined by the following equation

• Where R is the reluctance, l is the length of the magnetic path,

and A is the cross-sectional area
Ohm Law for Magnetic Circuit
• Recall the equation

• For magnetic circuits, the effect desired is the flux Φ

• The cause is the magnetomotive force (mmf) F , which is the
external force (or “pressure”) required to set up the magnetic
flux lines within the magnetic material
• The magnetomotive force F is proportional to the product of
the number of turns around the core (in which the flux is to be
established) and the current through the turns of wire
Magnetizing Force
• The magnetomotive force per unit length is called the
magnetizing force (H).

• Substituting for the magnetomotive force will result in

• The flux density and the magnetizing force are related by the
following equation
Faraday Law of Electromagnetic
Induction
• If a conductor is moved through a magnetic field so that it cuts
magnetic lines of flux, a voltage will be induced across the
conductor

Generating an induced voltage by moving a conductor

Through a magnetic field
• If a coil of N turns is placed in the region of a changing flux, a
voltage will be induced across the coil as determined by
Faraday’s law

Faraday law
Lenz’s Law
• The polarity of this induced voltage tends to establish a
current in the coil that produces a flux that will oppose any
change in the original flux.
• In other words, the induced effect (eind) is a result of the
increasing current through the coil.
• However, the resulting induced voltage will tend to establish a
current that will oppose the increasing change in current
through the coil.
• “an induced effect is always such as to oppose the cause that
produced it”
The effect of lenz’slaw
Selft Inductance
• The ability of a coil to oppose any change in current is a
measure of the self-inductance L of the coil.
• For brevity, the prefix self is usually dropped. Inductance is
measured in henries (H), after the American physicist Joseph
Henry
• Inductors are coils of various dimensions designed to
introduce specified amounts of inductance into a circuit
• The inductance of a coil varies directly with the magnetic
properties of the coil.
• Ferromagnetic materials, therefore, are frequently employed
to increase the inductanceby increasing the flux linking the
coil.
Example 1
• Find the inductance of the air-core coil of Fig below
Solution
Example 2
• Repeat Example before, but with an iron core and conditions
such that μr = 2000
Solution
Type of Inductor
• Inductors, like capacitors, are not ideal.
• Associated with every inductor are a resistance equal to the
resistance of the turns and a stray capacitance due to the
capacitance between the turns of the coil
Induced Voltage
• The inductance of a coil is also a measure of the change in flux
linking a coil due to a change in current through the coil

• where N is the number of turns, Φ is the flux in webers, and i

is the current through the coil
Example
• Find the waveform for the average voltage across the coil if
the current through a 4-mH coil is as shown in Fig below
Solution
R- L Transient

Basic R-L transient network the instant the switch is

closed

Under steady-state
conditions
• The equation for the current iL during the storage phase is the
following :

• Time constants :
Plotting the functions y = 1 - e-t/t and y = e-t/t
Effect of L on the shape of the iL storage
waveform

Plotting the voltage vR versus time

Example
• Find the mathematical expressions for the transient behavior
of iL and vL for the circuit of Fig below. after the closing of the
switch. Sketch the resulting curves.
R-L Transients : Decay Phase
• In R-L circuits, the energy is stored in the form of a magnetic
field established by the current through the coil.
• Unlike the capacitor, however, an isolated inductor cannot
continue to store energy since the absence of a closed path
would cause the current to drop to zero, releasing the energy
stored in the form of a magnetic field.
• If the series R-L circuit had reached steady-state conditions
and the switch were quickly opened, a spark would probably
occur across the contacts due to the rapid change in current
from a maximum of E/R to zero amperes.
Demonstrating the effect of opening a switch
in series with an inductor with a steady-state
current