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Phenotype
Observable expression of genetic makeup
genotype + environment=phenotype
(remember—not nature vs. nurture, it’s nature AND nurture)
Musical ability
Trait Inheritance
Alleles
2+ alternative forms of a gene
Same position on paired chromosomes
2 alleles for characteristic, 1 from each parent
= alternative expressions of characteristic (baldness)
Heterozygous: Different
Homozygous: Identical
Trait Inheritance (cont’d)
Dominant inheritance (heterozygous alleles)
Child receives different alleles,
1 from each parent
1 allele is dominant
Dominant allele has influence
(e.g.; brown eyes instead of blue)
Trait Inheritance (cont’d)
Recessive inheritance (homozygous alleles)
Identical, recessive alleles
expression of recessive trait (you can’t curl
tongue even if both parents can)
Trait Inheritance (cont’d)
Multifactorial Transmission
Genotype x Environment (G x E) Correlations
Passive: Parents share genes w/ child & provide environment that fosters trait
Athletic parents=enroll kid in soccer=trait reinforced
Stage Duration
Embryonic 2 to 8 weeks
Days 8-14 blastocyst becomes fully embedded in wall of uterus (now consists of about 250 cells)
Germinal & embryonic stages
• Alcohol
• Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
Prenatal & Childbirth Care
• Includes:
Education
Social services
Nutritional services
Antibiotics
Anesthesia during childbirth
• Resulted in dramatic reduction of risks related to
pregnancy and birth (for mothers and children)
• BUT, Not evenly distributed among SES, ethnic groups
Infant mortality rates in the U.S.
• In 1900 in US; 100 infants died for every 1,000 live births
• BUT….
Reasons for mortality rate in U.S.
• Preterm births
• LBW
• Racial/SES disparities
• African American infants 2.5 times as likely to die in 1st year as White & Hispanic
• SIDS & LBW more prevalent among African American babies.