UNIT - IV

 Microwave Passive Components (Wave Guide) 

 Power dividers: E­Plane Tee, H­Plane Tee, Magic Tee, 
Directional Coupler.
  Ferrite Devices: Phase Shifter, Isolator, Circulator, 
Microwave Resonators
 Wave guide cavities: Rectangular Cavity, Circular Cavity
 MW PASSIVE DEVICES

 Designed using 
 Coaxial line, w/g, strip line, micro­strip line

 MW comm. Sym., Radar
 One or multi port n/ws

 VSWR, Ref. Coeff., Losses

 Ex.
 Line sections, connectors, terminators, attenuators, 
phase shifters, directional couplers, power dividers, 
T­junctions, hybrides, etc.,
 WAVEGUIDES

 Pipe through which waves propagate
 Can have various cross sections
 Rectangular
 Circular
 Elliptical

 Can be rigid or flexible
 Waveguides have very low loss
 
 MODES

 Waves can propagate in various ways
 Time taken to move down the guide varies with 
the mode
 Each mode has a cutoff frequency below which it 
won’t propagate
 Mode with lowest cutoff frequency is dominant 
mode
 
 
WAVE GUIDE TEE JUNCTIONS

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 PY’S OF S PARAMETERS

 Perfect matched n/w  zero diagonal
 Reciprocal  Symmetry

 Lossless  Unitary py
 LAW OF THREE PORT NETWORK..!
It’s impossible to construct a three port network with Matched,
Reciprocal and Lossless.
 To begin:

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circulator

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 Called : Power dividers

Unmatched: Tee Junctions

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 TEE JUNCTIONS
 Wave guide Tee Junctions are “Three port Networks”, used to split the
power to an another waveguide based systems from the main wave guide.
 They also useful as power combiner
 Configuration:
 With the main waveguide - a similar piece of waveguide is connected (fastened)
as series or shunt.
 The added secondary arm may be called “Side arm” or “Auxiliary arm”
 The main arm may be called “Collinear arm” or “Primary am”

 Depends on the parallel field to the side arm, which will be split into, the
name for Tee junction is given as “E-Plane” and “H-Plane” Tee Junctions

E-Plane Tee H-Plane Tee 14

 E-PLANE TEE
 The side arm is fastened as parallel to the plane of electric field.

 When the Port 3 (at the side arm) as input port, the E field is forced to bend
at the junction. This results equal amplitude and opposite polarity of
field (potential) at the output ports (port 1 and 2). So there is no return
power at port 3, or it is matched.
 By the same way, if the input is given to the collinear arms (port 1 and 2),
with opposite polarity, the field will be added at the port 3, so called
“Symmetric arm”. If same polarity (same phase) field is given to the
collinear ports, the fields will be cancelled (or the results will be the
difference)

Transmission line equivalent circuit

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a)

b)
 DERIVING [S] FOR E-PLANE TEE
Initially we will consider the S matrix for E plane (three port network)

If the network is Reciprocal; and the port 1 and 2 are opposite polarity
with respect to port 3; Port – 3 is matched (S33=0)

Now, to get lossless property:

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 Since:

 and:

Since

 Finally, • Not Matched in all ports

• Reciprocal
• Lossless

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 PROBLEMS
1. A 20mW power source is connected to collinear port-1 of H plane tee, if
other ports are matched properly, calculate the power output at each port.

2. In a H-Plane Tee Junction, compute the power delivered to the loads 40Ω
and 60Ω which are connected to the port-1 and port-2 of the collinear arm
respectively when the input power available at the matched port-3 is
10mW (Take first order reflections alone)

Refer “R. E. Collin and D. M.

Pozar“ for more problems

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MAGIC TEE

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 E-PLANE AND H-PLANE TEE
 A narrow arm is connected parallel to the H-Plane of the main waveguide.
 The incident wave at the port-3, called symmetric arm,
is split equally to port-1 and port-2, with equal phase
 The electric field does not bend at the junction
 As a result, if two in-phase signals are given
at the collinear ports (1 and 2), they will be added at the symmetric port (3)

 While we apply lossless condition after reciprocal property,

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MAGIC TEE

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 MAGIC TEE
 Magic Tee is a four-port junction, combination of E-plane and H-Plane, so
called “Hybrid Junction Tee”

 Since E and H Plane Tee’s are combined, we can see both the properties
simultaneously.
 Applications: Isolator; Matching device; Phase shifter; Duplexer; Mixer

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF MAGIC TEE
1. If two same in-phase signals are given at port-1 and 2: The output at
port-3 will be zero, but at port-4 will be additive. Since at the junction,
the electric field become phase-lag and magnetic field as phase-lead – This
total power available at the respective outputs will be zero

2. If the input is given to the port-4: It will equally split the port to port-1
and port-2 (with opposite polarity) , and no power to port-3 (so for
port-4, port-3 is isolated)

3. And when the power is fed into port-3:

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 DERIVING [S]
 From the [S] of a four-port network

After applying
lossless
property

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EXAMPLE

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Similarly

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 1.31917W

This indicate that if the out ports are not matched, the circuit become lossy. Or
Input reflection coefficient can be greater than one too. Matching is like a ‘must’
Property of any network

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E-H TUNER FOR MATCHING

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 BALANCED MIXER

Out of phase

Non­linear diode
(Schottkey, gunn)

Out of phase

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FOUR-PORT NETWORKS
WAVE GUIDE DIRECTIONAL
COUPLER

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 IN GENERAL….
• Basic requirements for 4-port n/w
– Matched
– Reciprocal
– Lossless.
• Such 4-port devices are possible, but with some limitations

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 MATCHED AND RECIPROCAL 4-PORT NETWORK

 S matrix will be, 1.1

For lossless network, the matrix will lead to 10 possible equations… In

this, we shall take multiplication of row-1 and row-2, and
multiplication of row-4 and row-3
1.2 (a)
1.2 (b)

• Multiply the equation 1.2(a) by S24* and equation 1.2(b) by S13*

• When we subtract them,

1.3 (a)

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 Similarly we will get by selecting the other possible combinations…
R1R3 and R4R2

1.3(b)

Which imply that S14 = S23 = 0,

S21

1 2

S31
S41

4 3

Such possible 4 port network is “Directional Coupler”

 DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
 A directional coupler, of the 4 ports, 2 of them are outputs [port 2 and 3]
 4th port is isolated by S14=S23=0.
 Further design specification can be included by introducing angles between port 2
and 3.

That:

Here α, β are real variables, where θ, φ are angles.

And we can argue that,
[product of row-2 and row-3]

To get this relation,

Thus, the addition of both angle must be equal to π always.

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This is possible in two cases,

Symmetric coupler,
θ= φ = π/2

Anti-symmetric coupler
θ=0, φ = π.

α, β are not independent,

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BASIC COUPLER-PROPERTIES

Coupling factor,

Directivity,

Isolation,

These are called “Coupling factor indices”, they are related by

I=D+C [dB] 42
 TYPES

 Wave guide Bethe Hole coupler

 Quadrature hybrid or 90o hybrid coupler

 180o hybrid coupler

 Coupled line coupler

 Lange coupler

Hybrids are special couplers, coupling will be 3dB always..

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 BETHE HOLE COUPLER
 The simplest directional coupler, waveguide based, is bathe hole coupler.
The two version are shown below

Skewed
Parallel waveguide- DC
waveguide- DC

 The small aperture theory can explain the working of this directional
coupler

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 SMALL APERTURE THEORY
 A plane wave is traveling near and parallel to a conducting wall. A small
discontinuity is giving a positive and negative polarization of magnetic
moment, will result in secondary radiation

y
x

x0, y0, and z0 are specifying the position of

hole from the origin

α is polarizability of respective fields

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 RELATING THE COUPLING AND APERTURE RADIUS
 The field incident at the port-1 (TE10)

Ey
Hx

 Due to the aperture, the generated polarization current (electric/magnetic)

at x0=s, y0=b

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  At the secondary waveguide, the coupled components

To port-4

To port-3

αe and αm are electric and magnetic polarizability, respectively

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 Coupling factor

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 MULTI-HOLE DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
 The single hole directional coupler is narrow band with respect to directivity. To
improve, multi-hole directional couplers have been introduced.

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 TWO HOLE DIRECTIONAL COUPLER: FOR
UNDERSTANDING
 The simplest multi-hole directional coupler is two-hole one
 The two hole are identical and separated by a distance of λg/4

 Cancellation of backward component at port 4

 Addition of component in port 3

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MULTI-HOLE DC

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 NUMERICAL
 For a lossless directional coupler, the measured coupling coefficient and
Isolation are -10dB and -62dB. Calculate the following
 Directivity
 Insertion loss from port-1 to port-2
 Scattering matrix

Clues:
Coupling factor,

Directivity,

Isolation,

These are called “Coupling factor indices”, they are related by

I=D+C [dB]

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 NUMERICAL
 For a directional coupler, the measured coupling coefficient and Isolation
are -10dB and -62dB. Calculate the power delivered to all output ports
(when all ports are matched properly)
 Also calculate the reflected power at port-1 and delivered powers at other
ports when ports are connected with load mismatch of Γn, where n is
respective to port number.

Clues:

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FERRITE DEVICES
PHASE SHIFTER, ISOLATOR, CIRCULATOR

FARADAY ROTATION

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 MAGNETIC MATERIALS: PHYSICS
 In solid, we know, electron spins are responsible for magnetic field.
This field will be negligible when all the electron has spin pair.
 But in Magnetic material – many of the electrons are un-paired (more right
hand spin than left hand spins, or vice versa).
 The will get a small magnetic moment, since they all are oriented to ward a
random directions.
 By applying the small magnetic field, all adjacent spins are aligned and
form a magnetic pole.
 From plank’s theory, the spin angular momentum

Average Magnetic moment:

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Materials are magnetically classified by their net (volume average) magnetic moments

When we apply an external magnetic bias field (from a permanent magnet, for
example), a torque will be exerted on the magnetic dipole:

This torque is equal to angular momentum:

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 FARADAY ROTATION; THEORY
 Plane Waves in an Infinite Ferrite Medium
 Positive circularly polarized wave is traveling along the direction of ferrite’s z
axis:

 Negative circularly polarized wave is traveling along the direction of ferrite’s

z axis:
β

 In other words, the applied field’s polarization is subject to rotate from the
original direction, this phenomena is called “Faraday rotation”
 A linearly polarized wave will get both components, by result:

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PHASE SHIFTER
 Based on the “Faraday Rotation”, phase shift were been
proposed in Microwave circuits. Those component are
called “Gyrator”
 The Two port network has following modules:
 90 degree Twist
 Ferrite component with 90 degree phase shift

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 ISOLATOR
 Isolator is working in the same mechanism of
“Phase shifter”.
 Isolator is a two port network, it allows the
power flow in one direction and rejects
signals from opposite side.
 Working:
 At port 1, the vertically polarized wave is twisted about
45 degree by wave guide twist.
 And opposite 45 degree rotation is taken place at
ferrite rod
 In opposite direction: the ferrite and wave guide twist
makes 90 degree rotation.
 This polarized wave is absorbed by “Resistive card”

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 CIRCULATOR

Circulator – Three port network

 We already knew that “it’s impossible to construct three port network with
Matched, reciprocal and lossless properties”.
 Lossless and Reciprocal: Tee Junctions
 Matched and Reciprocal: Power Divider
 Lossless and matched : Circulator

 Consider a perfectly matched (non-reciprocal) three port network,

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 If the junctions are lossless, that no power is stored.

Insertion loss
Isolation

 The resultant “Matched – Lossless – Nonreciprocal

Network”, is Circulator
0 0 1  0 1 0
 1 0 0 or 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 0

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 Such circulator (circular isolator) can be designed using “Ferrite material”

Junction Circulator
Ring Circulator

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 Circulator applications

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• Circulator applications

In Radio Stations (Microwave 
Transmission)

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• Circulator applications

Rx. Antenna

Γin>1

φ/2
φ

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 MW RESONATORS
  
Tunable circuits
 MW oscillators, amplifiers, wave meters and filters

 At tuned frequency,
  i.e. Energy stored in C (E) = Energy stored in L (H)
 Circuit impedance purely real
 Tot. Energy = 2  or 2 

 Performance parameter
  at which the energy in the cavity attain max 

 Input impedance

 High Q  Ckt made highly reactive
 MW RESONATORS…
 HF, TL resonators do not give high Q
 Skin effect
 Radiation loss
 Braided cables 

 MW resonators  Rectangular or circular metalic 
cavities
 Electric and Magnetic Ey stored in cavity is equal to C and L

 Waveguide cavity resonators
 Rectangular cavity
 Cylindrical cavity

 Only losses are due to finite conductivity of cavity walls 
and dielectric losses of material filling the cavity.
 MW RESONATORS…
  
Two variables that determine the primary frequency of 
any resonant cavity
 Physical Size  small cavity  High 
 Shape of the cavity
RECTANGULAR WG CAVITY
RESONATOR
CYLINDRICAL WG CAVITY RESONATOR
CYLINDRICAL WG CAVITY
RESONATOR…