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SCIENTIST CONTRIBUTIONS

Andre- Marie Ampere Demonstrated the magnetic effect based on the


direction of current

Michael Faraday Formulated the principle of electromagnetic


induction

Heinrich Hertz Showed experimental evidence of electromagnetic


waves and their link to light

James Clerk Maxwell Contributed in developing equations showing the


relationship of electricity and magnetism

Hans Christian Oersted Showed how a current –carrying wire behaves like a
magnet
Electromagnetic Waves

James Clerk Maxwell


1831 – 1879
Scottish mathematician

Established the
theoretical basis
for electromagnetic
waves
 the existence of electromagnetic waves
 their transverse nature
 their ability to travel without any material
medium
 their speed is c= 3.0 x 10 8 m/s
Electric Charge and Field Basics
 Fundamental charges are carried by electrons (negative) and protons (positive).
 Charge on the electron is – 1.6 x 10-19 C (Coulomb)
 Charge on the proton is + 1.6 x 10-19 C
 Like sign charges repel, opposite sign charges attract
 Ability to exert electric forces on other charges is represented by the electric field
of the charge
 Direction of the electric field is that same as the direction of the electric force that
would be exerted on a positive charge when placed in the electric field

Away Toward
from + - negative
positive
Current and Magnetic Field
Basics
A moving charge is called a current
Moving charges have the ability to exert a second type of
force on other moving charges.
This force is called a magnetic force.
Ability to exert magnetic forces on other charges is
represented by the magnetic field of the current
Direction of the magnetic field is determined by a Right
Hand Rule
Electromagnetic Wave Basics
If a charge is made to jiggle (or more appropriately
accelerate) it will produce a varying electric field. If the
charge oscillates with a regular period, it will produce an
oscillating electric field, with all the characteristics of a
wave.

Charge

v
Electromagnetic Wave Basics
Faraday’s Law: A changing magnetic field
will create an electric field. The direction
of the electric field will be perpendicular
to the direction of the magnetic field.

Maxwell’s Proposal: A changing electric field


will create a magnetic field. The direction of the
magnetic field will be perpendicular to the
direction of the electric field.
Electromagnetic Wave Basics
James C. Maxwell (1831 – 1879): In 1864 presented a
theory which combined both of these effects into one
entity called the electromagnetic wave.

Since one field was “created” by the other, there was no


need for a medium in Maxwell’s version of
electromagnetic theory.
In order to conserve energy, Maxwell calculated that
ALL electromagnetic waves travel at the same wave
speed, 3 x 108 m/s.

c = 3 x 108 m/s
Relationship of wave
speed, frequency, and
wavelength
 Frequency (f) is the number of cycle a
wave complete in one second; expressed
in Hertz
 Wavelength (‫ )ג‬is the distance measured
from one crest of a wave to the next crest
or from one trough to the second trough
 Speed (v) is the distance traveled of a
wave over a period of time.
v= ‫ג‬f
where,
v- the speed of the wave in meters per
second (m/s)
f- frequency in Hertz (Hz)
‫ג‬- wavelength expressed in meters (m)
Sample Problems:
1. If a dog whistle has a frequency of
300,000 Hz, what is the wavelength of
the sound emitted? (approximate speed
of sound = 340 m/s)
2. What is the frequency of radio waves with
wavelength of 20 m?
3. What is the wavelength of a light waves
with a frequency of 4 x10 14 Hz?
Electromagnetic Wave
Special Property of EM waves:

* The can be created in and move though a


vacuum
* No medium is required for an EM wave to
exist.
* EM waves are the only wave phenomena that
can exist without a medium
Electromagnetic Wave
 transverse in nature
 Have the ability to travel without any
material medium
 their speed is c= 3.0 x 10 8 m/s or
300,000,000 m/s
Waves of the Electromagnetic Spectrum
 Electromagnetic Spectrum—name for the range of
electromagnetic waves when placed in order of increasing
frequency.

ULTRAVIOLET GAMMA
RADIO INFRARED
RAYS RAYS
WAVES RAYS
MICROWAVES X-RAYS
VISIBLE LIGHT
EM WAVE Wavelength (m) Frequency ( Hz) Energy (J)
Radio > 1 x 10-1 < 3 x 109 < 2 x 10-24
Microwave 1 x 10-3 - 1 x 10-1 3 x 109 - 3 x 1011 2 x 10-24 - 2 x 10-22
Infrared 7 x 10-7 - 1 x 10-3 3 x 1011 - 4 x 1014 2 x 10-22 - 3 x 10-19
Visible light 4 x 10-7 - 7 x 10-7 4 x 1014 - 7.5 x 1014 3 x 10-19 - 5 x 10-19

Ultraviolet Rays 1 x 10-8 - 4 x 10-7 7.5 x 1014 - 3 x 1016 5 x 10-19 - 2 x 10-17


X-ray 1 x 10-11 - 1 x 10-8 3 x 1016 - 3 x 1019 2 x 10-17 - 2 x 10-14
Gamma ray < 1 x 10-11 > 3 x 1019 > 2 x 10-14

E=hf
Where, h(6.63 x 10 -34 J/s) is the Planck’s constant and f is the frequency
RADIO WAVES
 A. Have the longest wavelengths and lowest
frequencies of all the electromagnetic waves.
 B. A radio picks up radio waves through an
antenna and converts it to sound waves.
 C. Each radio station in an area broadcasts at a
different frequency. # on radio dial tells
frequency.
Power in a wave
 A wave carries power and transmits it
wherever it goes
How radio waves are transmitted
at longer distances?
MICROWAVES
 Microwaves—have the shorter wavelengths and the
higher frequency compared to the radio waves.
 Used in microwave ovens.
 Waves transfer energy to the water in the food
causing them to vibrate which in turn transfers
energy in the form of heat to the food.
 Used by cell phones and pagers.
 RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging)
 Used to find the speed of an object by sending out
radio waves and measuring the time it takes them
to return.
MICROWAVE OVEN
Micro wave
RADAR
Long-range radar antenna, used to track
space objects and ballistic missiles
Terrestrial Communication
INFRARED RAYS
 Infrared= below red
 Shorter wavelength and higher frequency than
microwaves.
 You can feel the longest ones as warmth on your skin
 Heat lamps give off infrared waves.
 Warm objects give off more heat energy than cool
objects.
 Thermogram—a picture that shows regions of
different temperatures in the body. Temperatures are
calculated by the amount of infrared radiation given
off. Therefore people give off infrared rays.
Thermogram
Infrared Image of a Hurricane
Other Uses of Infrared
 Infrared photographs taken from a satellite with special films
provide useful details of the vegetation on the Earth’s surface.
 Infrared scanners are used to show the temperature variation of
the body. This can be used for medical diagnosis.
 Infrared remote controls are used in TVs, video, cassette
recorders, and other electronic appliances.
 Some night-vision goggles use IR.
 Some autofocus cameras have transmitter that sends out infrared
pulses. The pulses are reflected by the object to be photographed
back to the camera. The distance of the object is calculated by the
time lag between the sending and receiving of pulses. The lens is
then driven by a built-in motor to adjust to get the correct focus of
the object.
VISIBLE LIGHT
 Shorter wavelength and higher frequency than
infrared rays.
 Electromagnetic waves we can see.
 Longest wavelength= red light
 Shortest wavelength= violet (purple) light
 When light enters a new medium it bends
(refracts). Each wavelength bends a different
amount allowing white light to separate into it’s
various colors ROYGBIV.
VISIBLE LIGHT
SOME USES OF VISIBLE LIGHT
ULTRAVIOLET RAYS
 Shorter wavelength and higher frequency than
visible light
 Carry more energy than visible light
 Used to kill bacteria. (Sterilization of equipment)
 Causes your skin to produce vitamin D (good for
teeth and bones)
 Used to treat jaundice ( in some new born babies.
 Too much can cause skin cancer.
 Use sun block to protect against (UV rays)
X- RAYS
 Shorter wavelength and higher frequency than UV-rays
 Carry a great amount of energy
 Can penetrate most matter.
 Bones and teeth absorb x-rays. (The light part of an x-ray
image indicates a place where the x-ray was absorbed)
 Too much exposure can cause cancer
 (lead vest at dentist protects organs from unnecessary
exposure)
 Used by engineers to check for tiny cracks in structures.
 The rays pass through the cracks and the cracks appear
dark on film.
X-rays
GAMMA RAYS
 Shorter wavelength and higher frequency than X-
rays
 Carry the greatest amount of energy and
penetrate the most.
 Used in radiation treatment to kill cancer cells.
 Can be very harmful if not used correctly.
Brief SUMMARY
 A. All electromagnetic waves travel at the same
speed. (300,000,000 meters/second in a
vacuum.
 B. They all have different wavelength and
different frequencies.
 Long wavelength-lowest frequency
 Short wavelength highest frequency
 The higher the frequency the higher the
energy.
THANK YOU
QUIZ
½ crosswise
Test I. TRUE OR FALSE
1. Radio wave has the longest wavelength.
2. Longer wavelength, higher frequency
3. Higher frequency, higher energy
4. Gamma ray has the highest frequency.
5. Most EM waves are invisible but detectable.
Test II. Identify the type of EM wave used in each
application
1. Identifying injured bone structures
2. Satellite communication
3. Artificial lighting
4. Radio and TV broadcasting
5. Thermography
6. Checking banknote signature
7. Night Vision Goggle
8. Sterilization of medical equipment
9. Treatment for cancer patients
10.Texting
TEST III. MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Read each item carefully. Choose the
letter of the correct. Write your answers in
capital letters. STRICTLY NO ERASURES.
1. Which of the following has the shortest
wavelength and the highest frequency?

A. blue light
B. orange light
C. red light
D. violet light
2. According to Faraday, a changing magnetic
field gives rise to a changing electric current
and vice versa. This disturbance creates

A. EM waves
B. Heat
C. Motion
D. sound
3. The direction of the magnetic field in an EM
wave is

A. parallel to the electric field


B. perpendicular to the electric field
C. parallel to the direction of propagation
D. random
4. Which of the following have the shortest
wavelengths and the highest frequencies?

A. gamma rays
B. Infrared
C. x-rays
D. UV
5. The energy of photons corresponds to the
amount of energy given off by an excited
electron returning to its unexcited state. How do
we compute this energy?

A. E =mc2
B. E=hf
C. E= m2c
D. E=h
f
6. Which electromagnetic wave carries more
energy than the others?

A. Microwave
B. radio wave
C. UV radiation
D. visible light
For items 7-10, match the scientists given below
with their contributions.
Scientists Contributions

A. Demonstrated the magnetic effect


_____7. Maxwell of current.
B. Formulated the principle behind
_____8. Hertz electromagnetic induction
C. Showed experimental evidence of
_____9. Faraday electromagnetic waves and their
link to light.
_____10. Oersted
D. Developed equations showing the
relationship of electricity and
magnetism
11. Which two waves lie at the ends of the
visible spectrum?

A. Infrared and Ultraviolet rays


B. Radio waves and Microwaves
C. Radio waves and X-rays
D. X-rays and Gamma rays
12. In the visible spectrum, which color has
the longest wavelength?

A. Blue
B. Green
C. Red
D. Violet
13. Which property spells the difference
between infrared and ultraviolet
radiation?

A. Color
B. Speed in vacuum
C. Wavelength
D. None of the above
14. A certain radio station broadcasts at
a frequency of 675 kHz. What is the
wavelength of the radio waves?

A. 444 m
B. 400 m
C. 324 m
D. 280 m
15. What type of electromagnetic waves is
used in RADAR?

A. Infrared rays
B. Microwaves
C. Radio waves
D. Ultra-violet rays
16. Which electromagnetic wave carries least
energy than the others?

A. microwave
B. radio wave
C. UV radiation
D. visible light
17. What electromagnetic wave is sometimes
called heat ray?

A. gamma ray
B. infrared
C. radio wave
D. visible light
18. What is the frequency range of UV
radiation?

A. 3.5 x 109 - 3 x 1011 Hz


B. 3.5 x 1011 - 3 x 10114 Hz
C. 7.5 x 1014 - 3 x 1016Hz
D. 7.5 x 1016 - 3 x 1019 Hz
19. What is the range of frequencies are
our eyes sensitive to?

A. 3 x 109 - 3 x 1011Hz
B. 3 x 1011 - 4 x 1014Hz
C. 4 x 1014 - 7.5 x 1014Hz
D. 7.5 x 1014 - 3 x 1016Hz
20. What is the wavelength of the wave
with a frequency of 3 x 109 Hz?

A. 1.0 x 10-1m
B. 1.0 x 10-2m
C. 1.0 x 101 m
D. 1.0 x 102m
21. Which of the following has the shortest
wavelength?

A. Red light
B. yellow light
C. violet light
D. blue light
22. Which of the following has the highest
frequency?

A. Radio wave
B. Microwave
C. Gamma ray
D. Infrared wave
23. What type of waves are used to transmit
cellular telephone messages?

A. Gamma rays
B. Radio waves
C. Microwaves
D. Visible light
24. Electromagnetic waves that you can see
are called

A. Infrared rays
B. Microwaves
C. X-rays
D. Visible light
25. The visible spectrum of light from the longest to
shortest wavelength is:

A. violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, red


B. infrared, ultraviolet, gamma, X-rays, microwaves
C. red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet
D. radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray,
gamma

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