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Depok, November 2010

Review Content
Electrical Conductivity

Electronic and Ionic Conduction

Energy Band for Conductor

Electronic and Ionic Mobility

Electrical Resistivity of Metal

Application Electronic and Ionic

 Electrical Conductivity

 conductor is a material which contains movable electric

charges. In metallic conductors, such as copper or aluminum,
the movable charged particles are electrons. Positive charges
may also be mobile in the form of atoms in a lattice that are
missing electrons (known as holes), or in the form of ions,
such as in the electrolyte of a battery.
 All conductors contain electric charges which will move when
an electric potential difference (measured in volts) is applied
across separate points on the material. This flow of charge
(measured in amperes) is what is meant by electric current. In
most materials, the direct current is proportional to the voltage
(as determined by Ohm’s ), provided the temperature remains
constant and the material remains in the same shape and
state.
 Electrical Conductivity

Electrical conductivity
is used to specify the
electrical character of
Electrical Conductivities for Nine
a material.
Common metals and Alloys at Room-
Temperature
 Electronic and Ionic Cond.

Let’s begin by comparing the properties of ionic

conductors with the conventional electronic conductivity of
metals.

Metals
Conductivity Range = 10 S/cm < s < 105 S/cm
Electrons carry the current
Conductivity Increases linearly as temperature
decreases (phonon scattering decreases as T )

Solid Electrolytes
Conductivity Range = 10-3 S/cm < s < 10 S/cm
Ions carry the current
Conductivity decreases exponentially as temperature
decreases (activated transport)
 Electronic and Ionic Cond.

An electric current results from the motion of electrically

charged particles in response to forces that act on them
from an externally applied electric field. Positively charged
particles are accelerated in the field direction, negatively
charged particles in the direction opposite. Within most
solid materials a current arises from the flow of electrons,
which is termed electronic conduction.

In addition, for ionic materials a net motion of charged ions

is possible that produces a current; such is termed ionic
conduction.
 Energy Band for Conductor

The electron band structure For a metal, occupancy of electron states

of metals such as magnesium, (a) before and
wherein there is an overlap of (b) after an electron excitation.
filled and empty outer bands.
 Electronic Mobility

The scattering phenomenon is manifested as a resistance

to the passage of an electric current. Several parameters
are used to describe the extent of this scattering; these
include the drift velocity and the mobility of an electron.

The drift velocity represents the average electron velocity

in the direction of the force imposed by the applied field.

Electron mobility, which is an indication of the frequency

of scattering events; its units are square meters per volt-
second (m2/V-s).
 Electronic Mobility

Vd is drift velocity
μe is electron mobility
n is the number of free or conducting electrons per unit volume
IeI is the absolute magnitude of the electrical charge on an electron
J is the current density
σ is electronic conductivity
is the electric field intensity
Electronic Mobility

Schematic diagram
showing the path of an
electron that is deflected
by scattering events.
 Electrical Conductivity of Metal

 Since crystalline defects serve as scattering centers for conduction

electrons in metals, increasing their number raises the resistivity (or lowers
the conductivity).

 The concentration of these imperfections depends on temperature,

composition, and the degree of cold work of a metal specimen. In fact, it
has been observed experimentally that the total resistivity of a metal is the
sum of the contributions from thermal vibrations, impurities, and plastic
deformation; that is, the scattering mechanisms act independently of one
another. This may be represented in mathematical form as follows:

Matthiessen’s rule.

ρ t ρ ρd
i represent the individual thermal, impurity, and
deformation resistivity contributions, respectively.
 Electrical Conductivity of Metal

ρ and α are constants for

each particular metal.

This dependence of the thermal

resistivity component on
temperature is due to the
increase with temperature in
thermal vibrations and other
lattice irregularities (e.g.,
vacancies), which serve as
electron-scattering centers.

The resistivity rises linearly with

temperature above about – 2000C
 Application of Ionic Conductivity

 There are numerous practical applications, all based on

electrochemical cells, where ionic conductivity is needed and it is
advantageous/necessary to use solids for all components.
 Batteries
 Fuel Cells
 Gas Sensors

 In such cells ionic conductors are needed for either the

electrodes, the electrolyte or both.
Electrolyte (Material needs to be an electrical insulator to prevent
short circuit)
Electrode (Mixed ionic and electronic conductivity is needed to avoid
open circuit)
 Schematic of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

Sumber : http://www.spice.or.jp/~fisher/sofc.html

Chem 754 - Solid State

Chemistry
Schematic of Rechargable Li Battery

Sumber :

A. Manthiram & J. Kim –

“Low Temperature
Synthesis of Insertion
Oxides for Lithium
Batteries”, Chem. Mater.
10, 2895-2909 (1998).
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