FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY

There are several factors that influence

solubility and this include the
following:
A. Nature of solute and solvent
As previously discussed, "like dissolves like"
Ionic compounds break up into their
component ions in water.The possitive ion
of the ionic compound becomes
soroundded by the partial negative end of
water (oxide ions) and the negative end of
the ionic compound is soroundded by the
partial possitive end (hydrogen) of water.
 Therefore, ionic solute dissolves in ionic
solvent , ionic or polar solute dissolves in
polar sovents, and nonpolar solutes
dissolves in nonpolar solvents.Another
interaction of solute and the solvent is the
formation of hydrogen bond as shown
previously formed between ethyl acohol
and water.
 Pottasium permanganate is an ionic
compound and will break up into pottasium
and permanganate ions in water.The
pottasium becomes soroundded by oxide
ion of water the permanganate ions are
soroundded by the hydrogen ions of water.
Thus CCI4 immiscible in water.
 Carbon tetrachloride (CCI4) is nonpolar
because the molecules is symmetrical as
explainedin the previous chapter. Therefore,
there are no ions that can break up in water
and the C-CI bond is nonpolar because of
the arrangement of the molecules
 The term miscible is used if two liquids
form homogeneous solution. if the two
liquids do not mix and form a layer, the
term used is immiscible. Nonpolar solutes
dissolve in nonpolar solvents. Thus, iodine
crystals being, nonpolar, will dissolve in
carbon tetrachloride
Miscible
Immiscible
solute solvent solubility/
miscibility

polar polar soluble/

miscible
nonpolar nonpolar soluble/
miscible
nonpolar polar insoluble/
immiscible
ion polar soluble/
miscible
B. Effect of Temperature
1. Solubility of Gas in Liquid
The effect of temperature is deffirent for the solubility
of solid in liquid from that of the solubility of gasses in
liquids. A cold can of soda tastes quite deffirently after
letting it stand open for a few hours and then dringking
it up after. At high temperature, the solubility of gas in
liquids decreases because the gas molecules move faster
and tend to scape. Since the carbon dioxide scapes, the
taste of the soda becomes flat.
 In summary, the solubility of gas in liquid
increases with a decrease in temperature and,
decreases with an increase of temperature.
 2.Solubility of Solid in Liquid
In general, the solubility of solids increases with
an increase in temperature for endothermic
reaction while it decreases for exothermic
reactions. For examples, in a hypothetical
reaction given below:

A + B + heat AB
Heat is needed to dissolve A in B. For this reason,
if temperature increases, more will dissolve in B
and if temperature decreases, a lower amount of
A will dissolve in B. For an exothermic reaction
illustrated below:

AB A + B + heat
Heat is given off or the temperature is
lowered to drive the dissolution of A in B.
For this reason, any increase in
temperature decreases solubility and a
decrease in temperature increases
solubility
Chapter 2.4 - Solubility Curve

The solubility of some solids are plotted in a

graph called the solubility curve. The x-axis
gives the solubility at deffirent temperatures
while the y-axis identifies the solubility per
100g of the solvents
This is an example
of a solubility
curve. All points
along the line supersaturated
indicate value that
produces a
saturated solution; saturated
above the line
shown value of a
supersaturated unsaturated
solution , while
value below the
line form an
unsaturated
solution
Sample problem

1. What is the solubility of KCIO at 50°C?

2. How many grams of KCIO, will dissolve in 350g of
water at the same temperature?
Solution
18g KCIO dissolve in 100g water based on the
solubility curve. How many grams will dissolve in
350g of water?
Use the deminsional analysis to solve the
problem

350g H20 × 18gKCIO3 = 63g

100g H2O
How many grams of water will dissolve 250g KCI
at 30°C?

Solution
The solubility of KCI at 30°C is 35g KcI/100g water. To
calculate the amount of water needed to dissolve 250g
KCI, use the dimemsional analysis

250g KCI × 100g H2O = 714g H2O

35g KCI
C. Effect of Pressure
Solubility of gas in liquids. The solubility of solids in
liquids are not affected by pressure. However, a
change in pressure influence the solubility of gas in
liquid. When pressure is increased, the molecules
or ion comes closer to each other and there are
greater chances gor interaction between the solute
and the solvent. Thus, solubility of gas in liquis
increases with an increase in pressure.
This is known as Henry's law named in honor of
William Henry (1774-1836) who conducted
experiments on the solubility of gases in liquids.
Bottled sodas are produced under reduced pressure.
When the bottle is opened, the carbon dioxide
escapes, which indicated by bubbling, and the partial
pressure of CO2 above the solution decreases. As the
pressure drops, the solubility of CO2 in the solution
decrease. If the bottle is left opened for some time. all
of the carbon dioxide will completely escape and the
taste of beverage becomes flat.
D. Surface area

Interaction between the solute and the solvent

occurs at the surface area. Therefore, the greater
the surface area the greater the interaction of the
solute and solvent, and thus solubility increases.
The surface area can be increased by grinding the
solid into finer particles.
E. Stirring

As solute is added to the solvent, solute particles

tend to concentrate in a section of the mixture and
the dissolving process slows down. Stirring will
disperse the solute into the sections of the
solvent, increasing dissolution process
 THAT'S ALL

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