VECTORS

Understanding vector, vector addition, and

vector components
 Motivation
TOTAL DISPLACEMENT IN A RANDOM WALK

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Total displacement in a
random walk
✘ Ask for six volunteers
✘ Blindfold the first volunteer about a meter
away from the board, let the volunteer turn
around two to three times to give a spatial
disorientation, then ask this learner to walk
towards the board and draw a dot on a
board.
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Total displacement in a
random walk
✘ Do the same for the next volunteer then
draw an arrow connecting the two
subsequent dots with the previous one as
starting point and the current dot with the
arrow head.
✘ Do the same for the rest of volunteers.

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Scalar and Vector
What are their differences?
Do they have similarities?
Scalar vs. Vector
Scalar Quantity Vector Quantity
Physical quantities Physical quantities
that can be that have both
represented by a magnitude and
single number. direction.

Have magnitude but

no direction. 6
Representing Vectors
✘ Vector quantities are often
represented by scaled vector
diagrams. Vector diagrams depict a
vector by use of an arrow drawn to
scale in a specific direction.

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Representing Vectors
✘ Vector diagrams were introduced
and used in earlier units to depict
the forces acting upon an object.
Such diagrams are commonly called
as free-body diagrams.

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Characteristics of Vector
Diagram

✘ a scale is clearly listed

✘ a vector arrow (with arrowhead) is
drawn in a specified direction. The
vector arrow has a head and a tail.

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“
A vector is usually
represented by either a letter
with an arrow above the letter
or a bold-face letter.
Example:
A , B , a , b or A, B
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Vector Addition
✘ A variety of mathematical operations can
be performed with and upon vectors. One
such operation is the addition of vectors.
Two vectors can be added together to
determine the result (or resultant). This
process of adding two or more vectors.

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Vector Addition

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Vector Addition
✘ In this unit, the task of summing vectors
will be extended to more complicated
cases in which the vectors are directed in
directions other than purely vertical and
horizontal directions.

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Vector Addition
✘ For example, a vector directed up and to
the right will be added to a vector directed
up and to the left. The vector sum will be
determined for the more complicated
cases.

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Vector Addition

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There are a variety of methods for
determining the magnitude and direction of
the result of adding two or more vectors. The
two methods that will be discussed in this
lesson and used throughout the entire unit
are:
Parallelogram Method
✘ Graphical Method Polygon Method

✘ Component Method

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Graphical Method
✘ In finding for the resultant graphically, each
vector should be added to the other
vectors graphically. This method is known
as the graphical method in which two ways
of describing vectors graphically are as
follows:

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Parallelogram Method
a. Draw the first vector to scale where the
origin is shown by its tail and arrow head in
its direction.

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Parallelogram Method
b. Draw the second vector from the origin
using the given scale.

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Parallelogram Method
c. Then, draw a line from the head of the
second, parallel to the first vector whose
length is the same with that of the first, as
the second line parallel to the second vector
is drawn from the head of the first vector
whose length is the some with that of the
second vector.
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21
Parallelogram Method
d. The diagonal line of the parallelogram
drawn from the origin is the magnitude.

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Polygon Method
(head-to-tail method)
a. Draw the first vector using a scale.
b. Connect the tail of the second vector to
arrowhead of the first vector. Repeat the
same procedure with the other vectors.
c. Join the tail of the first vector to the
arrowhead of the last vector to determine
the magnitude and direction of the resultant.
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Polygon Method
(head-to-tail method)
d. The length of the resultant drawn to scale
determines the magnitude, and the direction
is the angle between the arrowhead of the
last vector.

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Polygon Method
(head-to-tail method)
Remember
Polygon
method is more
convenient to use
if there were
more than two
vectors.

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Vectors by Mathematical
Method
Addition of Perpendicular Vectors
(Pythagorean Theorem)

The Pythagorean Theorem gives the

magnitude of the resultant when two vectors
at right angles to each other are added
together.
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Addition of Perpendicular Vectors
(Pythagorean Theorem)
𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
𝑐 𝑐
𝑏
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑎
𝑐
𝑎
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝜃
𝑏
𝑏

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 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑐 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
Substitute c to R , 𝑭𝒙 (either a or b), 𝑭𝒚 (either
a or b).

𝑅= 𝑭𝒙 2 + 𝑭𝒚 2

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Example
✘ Given: Fx = 30 N
Fy = 10 N

𝑅
Fy = 10 N

Fx = 30 N

Then,
𝑅= 𝑭𝒙 2 + 𝑭𝒚 2
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 𝑅= (30 N)2 +(10 N)2
𝑅 = 32 𝑁
The direction of R is found from the definition
of an angle- the ratio of the side that is
opposite the angle to the side adjacent. If we
measure the angle ( theta), it gives:

𝑦
tan 𝜃 =
𝑥

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In that case:

−1 10 𝑁
𝜃= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )
30 𝑁
𝜃 = 18.26° N of E

We can also use reference point with

respect to the positive x-axis in other
cases.

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Component Method

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Let’s put this on example
✘ Eric leaves the base camp and hikes 11 km,
north and then hikes 11 km east. Determine
Eric's resulting displacement.

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✘ Change c to R to represent the hypotenuse
or vector sum as a resultant vector.
✘ Don’t forget to transpose the trigonometric
identity when you need to get the angle.
✘ Don’t forget the units in the answer.
✘ SOH CAH TOA.

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35
Using Trigonometric to
determine Vector’s
Direction
✘ The direction of a resultant vector can
often be determined by use of
trigonometric functions. Most students
recall the meaning of the useful mnemonic
SOH CAH TOA from their course in
trigonometry.

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37
Addition of vectors using
perpendicular displacements
✘ How do we expressed the example using
Pythagorean Theorem?

Formula of Pythagorean Theorem

𝐶 2 = 𝐴2 + 𝐵2

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How about the components of vector C in
the direction parallel to the vectors A and B
can be expressed in terms of magnitude of
vector C.
Cosines or sines of the angle 𝜃 and 𝜑 ?
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