Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Dr R.K Ludam
Dept Of Community Medicine
V.S.S.M.C.H Burla
Housing
“Housing “ in modern concept includes not only the
physical structure providing shelter but also the
immediate surroundings and the related community
services and facilities.
It may be defined as-” all places in which a group of
people reside and pursue their life goals; the size of
settlement varies from a single family to millions of
people.
The immediate surroundings of residential building are
often referred as neighborhood or microdistrict.
WHO expert group (1961) on public health aspects
of housing prefers to use the term ;residential
environment’
Social Goals Of Housing-:
a) Shelter
b) Family Life
c) Access to community facilities
d) Family participation in community life
e) Economic Stability
The Implementation of social goals in housing requires that
govt. should-
- Introduce social housing schemes
- Establish both minimum and maximum standard
- Create financial and fiscal institutions geared to helping low
income people obtain credit for building and improving their
house.
Criteria for healthful housing-:
Healthful housing provides physical protection and shelter
Provides adequately for cooking,eating,washing,and excretory
functions
Is designed,constructed,mantained and used in a manner such as
to prevent the spread of communicable diseases
Provides for protection from hazards of exposure to noise and
pollution
Is free from unsafe physical arrangements due to construction or
mantainance,and from toxic or harmful materials
Encourages personal and community development, promotes
social relationships ,reflects a regard for ecological principles and
finally promotes mental health
Housing Standard-:
Social and economic characteristics such as family income, family
size and composition, standard of living,lifestyle,stage in life
cycle, education and cultural factors are taken into account.
Because of cultural diversity and other factors such as climate and
social traditions, standard of housing varies from country to
country and from region to region.
In short-there cannot be rigid, uniform standards
The standards in India are those recommended by the
EHC(1947)
Site-:
- should be elevated from its surroundings
- should have an independent access to a street of adequate width
- should be away from breeding places of mosquito and flies
- should be away from nuisances such as
dust,smoke,smell,excessive noise, and traffic.
- should be in pleasant surrounding
- soil should be dry and safe for founding the structure and should
be well drained.
- The sub-soil water should be below 1o feet
Set Back-: -It is the open space all around the house which
allows proper ventilation and lightening
- In rural areas it is recommended that the built-up area should
not exceed one third of total area.
- In urban areas it is allowed upto two-third of total area.
- The set back should be such that there is no obstruction of
lighting and ventilation.
- e.g.
Floor-: -Should be Pucca and satisfy the following criteria-:
- should be impermeable ,so that easy to clean and dry
- must be smooth and free from cracks and crevices to prevent
the breeding of insects and harbourage of dust
- it should be damp-proof
- the height of the plinth should be 2-3 feet(0.6 t o 1 mtr)
Walls-: - reasonably strong
- should have a low heat capacity
- weather resistance
- unsuitable for harbor of rats and vermin
- not easily damaged
- smooth ( 9 inch brick with wall plastered smooth and colored
cream or white)
Roof-: -Should not be less than 10 feet (3 mtr) in the absence of
air-conditioning for comfort.
- should have a low heat transmittance co-efficient
Rooms-: - should not be less than two,atleast one of them can
be closed for security
- the other may be open on one side if that side is a private
courtyard
- No. should be increased as per the family members
Floor Area-: - should be at least 120 sq ft for more than one
person and at least 100 sq ft for single person
- floor area per person should not be less than 50 sq mtr
Cubic Space-:at least 500 c.ft per capita preferably 1000 c.ft
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VENTILATION
It not only means the replacement of vitiated air by a supply of
fresh outdoor air but also control of the quality of incoming air
with regard to its temperature, humidity and purity with a view
to provide a thermal environment that is comfortable and free
from risk of infection.
Standards Of Ventilation-: Most of the standards of
ventilation have been based on the efficiency of ventilation in
removing body odour.
1) Cubic Space-: minimal fresh air supply ranging from ‘300’ to
‘3000' c.ft. per hour per person
- De Chaumont advocated a fresh air supply of 3000 c.ft per
person per hour.
2) Air Change-: Air change is more important than the cubic
space requirement.
- It is recommended that in the living rooms, there should be 2 to
3 air changes in one hour; in work rooms and assemblies 4 to 6
air changes.
If the air is changed more frequently. i.e. More than 6 times in
one hour, it is likely to produce a draught and should be
avoided.
The number of air changes per hour is calculated by dividing the
total hourly air supply to the room by the cubic capacity of the
room
a space of 1,000 to 1,200 c.ft. per person is quite sufficient.
3)Floor space-:Floor space per person is even more important
than cubic space.
- The optimum floor space requirements per person vary from
50 to 100 sq.ft.
Types Of Ventilation-:
1. Natural Ventilation-: Natural ventilation is the simplest
system of ventilating small dwellings, schools and offices.
A)The Wind-: The wind is an active force in ventilation.
- when it blows through a room, it is called perflation.
- When there is an obstruction, it bypasses and exerts a suction
action at its tail end - this is called aspiration.
- Doors and windows facing each other provide "cross
ventilation".
B) DIFFUSION : Air passes through the smallest openings or
spaces by diffusion.
- This is a slow process and therefore, is not relied upon as the
sole means of ventilation.
C) INEQUALITY OF TEMPERATURE : Air flows from high
density to low density
- The greater the temperature difference between outside and
inside air, the greater the velocity of the incoming air
These properties of air are utilised to best advantage by the
proper location of windows, doors,ventilaiors and skylights.
The chief drawback of natural ventilation is that it is not possible
to regulate the velocity
Mechanical Ventilation-:
- Types-: 1) Exhaust ventilation (2) Plenum ventilation 3)
Balanced ventilation (4) Air conditioning.
1)Exhaust Ventilation-: In this system, air is extracted or
exhausted to the outside by exhaust fans driven by electricity.
- As air is exhausted, a vacuum is created which induces fresh air
to enter the room through windows, doors and other inlets.
- Exhaust ventilation is generally provided in large halls and
auditoria for removal of vitiated air.
- The exhaust fans are housed in apertures in the external walls,
high up near the roof which facilitate removal of the upper
layers of the heated light air.
2)PLENUM VENTILATION-: In this system, fresh air is blown
into the room by centrifugal fans so as to create a positive
pressure, and displace the vitiated air. Plenum or propulsion
- plenum is used for supplying air to air-conditioned buildings
and factories.
- Air is delivered through ducts at desired points.