Products and Applications

Products & Applications
Products
and
Applications
© 2004 Baker Hughes Incorporated

All rights reserved.
Presentation Objectives
 Review all common Drilling fluid chemicals as per their

generic grouping.
 Discuss product chemistry, compositions, functions, usage

and common associated problems.
 Talk about specialty products and their applications in

Pakistan.
 Display product equivalence charts and discuss equivalent

products of different service companies.

General Categories
General (generic) categories of Products
- Weighing agents
- Viscosifiers
- Fluid loss control agents
- Shale control additives
- Alkalinity control agents
- Salts
- Specialty chemicals
- LCM
- Others

General Categories
Weighing
Agents

Weighing Agents – Product bulletin

Weighing Agents

Weighing Agents
Mil-bar
 Product description :
Milbar is high purity Barite (Barium sulphate) manufactured under license
from API.
 Features and benefits :

Milbar has a specific gravity of 4.2 sg plus and is chemically inert to all
other drilling fluid additives.
 Applications :
It is used for density increase in all types of drilling fluids.

Weighing Agents
Densimix
Densimix is refined and concentrated micaceous hematite (Fe2O3), a type of
iron oxide.

This high purity weighing agent has a density of 5.0 sg plus (20% greater than
Barite, which means less material and fewer solids for a given mud weight. A
lower solids concentration contributes to improved rheological properties,
increased penetration rates, improved solids control and decreased
mud costs. Densimix is Acid soluble.
 Applications :
Densimix is applicable for increasing the density of all types of fluids and is
excellent for rapid mixing of high density kill and packer fluids.

Viscosifiers
Viscosifiers

Viscosifiers
Milgel
Milgel is premium grade Wyonming bentonite manufactured under license
from API.

Milgel has high swelling capacity in freshwater and can provide viscosity and
colloidal solids for filtration control. Its viscosity can also be extended with
some water soluble polymers. Milgel aids in filtration control by reducing the
permeability of the filter cake. The improved texture and quality of the wall
cake provides better borehole stability.
Milgel develops necessary viscosity and gel strengths for hole cleaning and
suspension of weight materials.
 Applications :
It can be used in a variety of waters but optimum viscosity and filtration
control values are obtained in low hardness freshwater. Prehydration in
freshwater is recommended prior to adding it to a system such as seawater
that is high in chloride content and hardness.
Viscosifiers
Milgel NT
Milgel NT is premium grade of natural Wyonming bentonite meeting API specs for
untreated bentonite.

Milgel NT has high swelling capacity in freshwater and can provide viscosity and
colloidal solids for filtration control. Its viscosity can also be extended with some
water soluble polymers. Milgel NT also aids in HTHP filtration control provides better
borehole stability.
Milgel NT develops necessary viscosity and gel strengths for hole cleaning and
 Applications :
It can be used in a variety of waters but optimum viscosity and filtration control
values are obtained in low hardness freshwater. It should be added through the mud
hopper with good agitation. Prehydration in freshwater is recommended
prior to adding it to a system such as seawater that is high in chloride content and
hardness.

Viscosifiers
Salt water gel
Saltwater gel is an attapulgite clay manufactured under license from API.

It is an effective viscosifier from freshwater to saturated saltwater
fluids and develops necessary viscosity and gel strengths for hole cleaning and
 Applications :
It is primarily used to obtain viscosity and gel strengths in salt systems. It is
also used in high solids squeeze plugs for controlling loss of circulation.
Viscosity increases with salt water gel are dependent on the amount of shear.
Maximum yield of the product depends on efficient mixing and agitation
system.

Viscosifiers
XCD (Xanthan Gum) Polymer
XCD polymer is a high molecular weight Xanthan gum polysacharide.

XCD is a very effective viscosifier in most waters regardless of salinity and
hardness. It gives excellent low end rheology for solid cuttings suspension and
removal. It results in a highly shear thinning, non newtonian fluid.
XCD is particularly cost effective where transportation costs are high. It is
also desired in fluid systems requiring low clay content like like New drill plus.
XCD is not highly adsorptive to mineral substrates and causes minimal damage
to producing formations.
 Applications :
XCD polymer solutions may be susceptible to biological degradation and a
preservative should be kept at site. At pH values of above 10.0, it becomes
susceptible to soluble calcium and may be precipitated out. It can be added to
most waters regardless of salinity. It should be mixed slowly @25-30 min/sx to
avoid lumping and “fish eyes”.
Fluid loss control agents
Fluid loss Control

Agents

CMC
CMC is a technical grade Carboxy methyl cellulose used to control filtration
properties of water base fluids. It is available in grades of regular (R), Low vis
(LV) and high vis (HV).

CMC is used to reduce water loss in water base muds. It is also used
sometimes for viscosity purposes and will also defloculate some seawater
muds if used in low concentrations.
 Applications :
CMC can be added to all types of water base muds. However it is most effective
in systems containing less than 50,000 mg/l chlorides and 500 mg/l soluble
calcium.
It is temperature stable upto 250 deg F and can be extended with other
polymers to 284 deg F. It should be added slowly to avoid lumping and rapid
increase of viscosity.
Mil-pac
Milpac is a polyanionic cellulosic polymer used to control filtration properties of water
base fluids. It is available in grades of regular (R), Low vis (LV) and super low vis
(SL).

Milpac is effective at low concentrations. It reduces water loss and improves filter cake
quality. It is non biodegradable and resistant to microorganisms requiring no added
preservative or biocide. It is cost effective in sea water muds due to greater electrolyte
tolerance than CMC’s
 Applications :
Milpac can be added to all types of water base muds. Low viscosity grades are
recommended for high solids muds to avoid excessive viscosity build up.
Milpac should not be used in case of excessive downhole temperature of over 325 def F. It
should be mixed slowly @25-30 min/sx to avoid lumping and “fish eyes”.

Permalose
Permalose is a non fermenting biocide treated starch used to control
filtration properties of water base fluids. It is available in grades of
regular (R) and high temperature (HT).

Permalose is protected against bacterial attack and is effective in both
weighted and low solids mud over a wide pH range. It encapsulates
particles with a polymer lower to impede water penetration. It reduces
water loss and also improves filter cake quality. This inhibits swelling and
dispersion of cuttings and reduces drill solids build up.
 Applications :
Permalose can be used in all types of water base muds. Field trials
have shown that it is complimentary and supplementary to PAC’s and
CMC’s and work the best in a ratio of 4:1 against polymers.
Shale control additives
Shale control
additives

New drill
New drill is BHI’s high molecular weight partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide
designed to impart shale stability, reduce friction, increase viscosity and provide
filtration control in water base muds. It is available in Liquid (L) and powder
(HP/plus) forms.

New drill encapsulates the cuttings and coats the borehole stabilizing and inhibiting
disintegration and dispersion of hydratable and dispersible shales.
It imparts excellent borehole stability minimizing dispersion of shales and is
equally applicable in areas of soft dispersive and hard brittle shales.
Newdrill adsorbs onto the shale cuttings reducing rapid hydration while providing a
lubricating film. This adsorbed layer of polymer also imparts filtration control
properties to the fluid.
Newdrill will also increase the viscosity of the fluid and help in hole cleaning
characteristics.
 Applications :
New drill can be used in fresh and sea water and sodium and potassium brines. Full
benefits are realized when used in a well engineered mud program where bentonite is
used sparingly, a
low to medium pH range is maintained and a good
solids control program is followed.
Protectomagic
Protectomagic is a proprietary air blown petroleum asphalt used to stabilize
troublesome shales. It is available in its original and water dispersible variety.

Protectomagic stabilizes shales by depositing a tough, plastic hydrophobic film on the
surfaces of shales, which aids mechanical stability and reduces the influx of water.
Protectomagic plugs microfractures and pore spaces in the shale, helping seal the shale
from further attack.
Protectomagic is highly plastic and pliable at low to moderate temperatures and is
ideally suited to low temperature wells with insufficient temperature to soften the
harder, brittle mined asphalts. It is treated with a water wetting agent to enable it to
freely disperse in water.
It also reduces torque and drag through colloidal dispersion of asphalt and
imparts lubricity to the fluid.
 Applications :
It is designed for such applications where where an asphaltic product is needed for shale
stability. Its water dispersible variety is ideal for environmentally sensitive areas where
use of oil for dispersion is not desired.
Aquacol
Aquacol is a water soluble glycol ether. Different varieties are available with
different cloud point and salinity ranges.

Aquacol is miscible in all water base fluid systems.
It acts to reduce swelling of reactive clays by chemical interaction at the clay
surface (below the cloud point) and by inhibiting filtrate invasion into the clay
particles (above the cloud point). The cloud point of Aquacol can be varied by
altering the salinity as required.
It also reduces torque and drag through colloidal dispersion of asphalt and
imparts lubricity to the fluid.
 Applications :
Aquacol is used as an inhibitor to prevent shales containing medium to high
smectite / interlayered clay contents from dispersing into the mud system.
Its typical concentration is 3-5% by volume and should be used in a well engineered
and monitored mud program.
Alplex
Alplex is a dry aluminum complex designed to control drilling problems with
water sensitive shales. The aluminium complex acts as a stabilizer, slowing the
hydration of shale and the resulting detrimental effects.

The Alplex is adsorbed by all types of clay minerals resulting in reduced water
absorption. This increases the stability of water sensitive shales.
Alplex containing systems are tolerant to contaminants such as cement, carbonates,
chlorides etc and the inhibition characteristics result in less viscosity effects from
shale drill solids reducing the need for powerful deffloculants.
Alplex also aids in filtration control and fluid loss is very stable.
 Applications :
Alplex can be used to control shale related problems in fresh water, sea water,
sodium and potassium chloride drilling fluids. It is compatible with most commonly
used mud additives and specially works well in polymer viscosified muds.
Iit is important to maintain excess Alplex in the system (by adding concentrated
presolubilized Alplex mud) when drilling the shale section and monitor its
concentration using an Ion electrode.

Alkalinity control
Alkalinity control
Agents

Alkalinity control agents
Caustic soda
Caustic soda is sodium hydroxide and used primarily for pH and alkalinity
control.

Caustic soda will minimize solubility of calcium and magnesium contaminants
in drilling muds.
It activates and solubilizes the common products such as unical and
ligco in lignosulphonate muds.
It controls the pH and alkalinity properties of the water base mud.
 Applications :
Caustic soda is the most widely used chemical to control pH and alkalinity in
all water base muds. It should be added as a water solution from a chemical
barrel. It is corrosive and should be used with extreme caution with all
recommended PPE.
Caustic potash
Caustic potash is Potassium hydroxide and used primarily for pH and
alkalinity control in potassium base muds.

Caustic potash is used in place of caustic soda to control the pH of potassium
based muds or where potassium ions are preferred as shale inhibitors over
sodium ion.
It will minimize solubility of calcium and magnesium contaminants in
drilling muds.
It activates and solubilizes the common products such as unical and
ligco in lignosulphonate muds.
It is used as a source of Potassium while controlling the pH and alkalinity
properties of the water base mud.
 Applications :
Caustic potash should be added as needed to control the pH from a chemical
barrel. It is corrosive and should be used with extreme caution with all
recommended PPE.
Soda Ash
Soda ash is the common name for sodium carbonate used to precipitate soluble
calcium in drilling muds.

Soda ash is very effective in removing soluble calcium from the mud.
Calcium contamination may cause undesirable increases in rheology, gel
strengths and filtration control rates. Calcium ions will react with
many anionic polymers and render them ineffective.
Soda ash can also be used to increase the density of workover brines to
10 ppg and is acid soluble.
 Applications :
Soda ash is used to treat soluble calcium contamination in drilling
fluids. The concentration of soluble calcium will determine the amount of
Soda ash needed to treat the mud. Over treatment of soda ash can
cause carbonate contamination.
Soda Bicarb
Soda bicarb is the common name for sodium bi carbonate used to
precipitate soluble calcium in drilling muds.

Soda bicarb is used primarily for treating cement contaminated muds. It
removes soluble calcium and lowers the pH of the mud.
Calcium contamination may cause undesirable increases in rheology, gel
strengths and filtration control rates. Calcium ions will react with
many anionic polymers and render them ineffective.
 Applications :
Soda bicarb is used to treat cement contamination in drilling fluids. The
concentration of soluble calcium will determine the amount of Soda
bicarb needed to treat the mud. Over treatment of soda ash can cause
carbonate and bicarbonate contamination, which will result in filtration and
rheological problems.
Salts
Salts

Salts
Sodium Chloride
Sodium chloride is commonly known as salt.

Salt aids to control of active shale dispersion.
It can be used in Newdrill polymer muds to minimize the formation of gas
hydrates.
It can be used to retard the dissolution of massive salt stringers and sections.
It can be used to balance the activity of the water phase in oil muds.
It can be used to weight up the completion or workover fluids upto 10 ppg
It can also be sometimes used as a bridging agent for lost circulation in salt
saturated systems.
 Applications :
It is primarily used in salt saturated systems to saturate the water phase.
Secondary applications are many as stated above.
Salts
Potassium Chloride
Potassium chloride is also commonly known as mil K hib or muriate of potash.

Potassium chloride provides potassium ions to inhibit shale swelling and dispersion.
It is used to drill the troublesome gumbo shales and is the most economical
source of potassium ions, which help to maintain the integrity of drilled cuttings and
borehole stability.
It can be used to balance the activity of the water phase in oil muds.
It can be used to weight up the completion or workover fluids upto 10 ppg
 Applications :
It is primarily used as a source for potassium ions for potassium base muds.
The potassium ion should be closely monitored during drilling as levels can
deplete rapidly in reactive shales.

Salts
Calcium chloride
Calcium chloride is available powdered granular and flaked form with
purity ranging from 73 to 98%.

Calcium Chloride is very soluble and capable of increasing the density of
water to 11.6 ppg.
It is normally used as an effective means of providing high chloride ion
concentration levels in the aqueous phase of oil muds for balanced
activity mud systems for maximum shale.
 Applications :
It is primarily used to weigh up completion fluids or for chloride ions in oil
muds in salt saturated systems to saturate the water phase.

Specialty chemicals
Specialty
chemicals

Specialty chemicals
Claytrol
Claytrol is a mixture of primary, secondary and cyclic amphoteric
amines.

Claytrol is a highly inhibitive amphoteric chemistry product.
It forms a semi permeable membrane over the drill cuttings and wellbore and
prevents fluid invasion and hydration.
Claytrol can be used alongwith several other products like KCL and
PHPA to enhance inhibition or used alone as a system.
It is a very cost effective, low maintenance system which minimizes
dilution.
 Applications :
Claytrol can be used in all types of water base muds with a high salinity and
temperature range. It is compatible with all the polymers and has no
adverse effects on fluid systems.
Specialty chemicals
X-link

Specialty chemicals
X-link
X-link is a cross linking polymer composition with additional bridging agents.

X-link is a synthetic polymer composition specially designed to produce strong,
durable and temperature tolerant cross linking gel.
The material can be mixed in the slugging tank and subsequently pumped
downhole. The stiff rubbery gels produced set up like gel plugs and stop fluid
losses. It can be pumped through MWD and drilling tools.
 Applications :
X-link material makes excellent gel plugs against severe thief zones. A 40 lb
bag makes 1 bbl of pill/plug. Set up times are controlled by the bottom hole
temperature and use of X-link Retarder and Accelerator is recommended. It
can be used in water or OBM.
Specialty chemicals
Penetrex
Penetrex is an anti bit balling, rate of penetration enhancer designed to be
used in water based systems.

Penetrex delivers improved ROP in water based fluids. In addition it
reduces torque and drag, prevents bit balling and improves sliding and tool
orientation in directional wellbores.
It has also been seen to help control API fluid loss and reduce chemical
additions.
 Applications :
The addition of Penetrex to water base drilling fluids increases ROP by
preventing balling below the drillbit and stabilizer. For optimized
results, it may be used with an aggressive PDC bit. It can be used with
most WBM systems at an initial level of 1-2% by volume.
Specialty chemicals
Penetrex

LCM
Lost
circulation
materials

LCM
 Chekloss : Cellulosic seepage loss and differential sticking preservative

 Milmica : Graded mica
 Milseal : Blended lost circulation material
 Milplug : Ground nut plug
 Mildust : grouded and sorted sawdust
 Milflake : Shredded cellophane flake
 W.O. 30 : Sized Calcium carbonate
 Magneset : Acid soluble magnesium cement
 Soluflake : Non damaging Cal carb flakes
 Solusqueeze : Non damaging filtration squeeze product

Others
Others

Others
Deffloculants - Unical
Unical is a multi purpose Chrome treated lignosulphonate deflocculant for use
in water base muds.
Unical is effective in fresh, salt and calcium treated water base muds. It
provides excellent deflocculation and thermal stability for the control of
rheological and filtration properties of water base fluids upto 350 deg F.
It will also inhibit the chemical activity of clay solids when used in high
concentrations.
 Applications :
Unical is recommended as the primary deflocculant and filtration
control agent for both fresh and seawater muds. Chrome content is a
matter of environmental concern, but iron varieties have come out with a
slightly lower temperature stability range. Unical also needs caustic
soda for activation and normal concentration is 1 part of caustic to 4-6
parts of unical.
Others
Lubricants - Millube
Millube is a blend of organic surfactants and modifies fatty acid compounds
designed to reduce torque and drag in all types of water based drilling fluids.
Millube contains additives to provide both boundary and extreme
pressure lubrication.
The extreme pressure additives in Millube form a lubricating film on
metal surfaces that resists removal and continues to provide lubrication
even upon dilution.
It is extremely efficient in reducing the sticking coefficient and minimizes
differential sticking of the drill sting.
 Applications :
Millube is recommended for reducing torque and drag in any drilling
fluid. It is compatible with both fresh and seawater and shows no tendency
towards foaming. It is most efficient at a pH of below 9.5.
Equivalence charts
Equivalence
and
Cross reference charts

Equivalence charts

Equivalence charts

Equivalence charts

Equivalence charts

Equivalence charts

Equivalence charts

Equivalence charts

Equivalence charts

Equivalence charts

Equivalence charts

Generalized conclusions
 New products are coming out daily in the market necessitating the need to
properly read the product bulletins before usage.
 Equivalence charts only equate products in terms of their generic grouping

and composition. It cannot be trusted to suggest alternatives specially in
the case of high tech specialty chemicals.
 Products also have likes and dislikes. Care needs to be taken when
selecting them to be used in conjunction.
 Brand names can be misleading at times and chemical information on the

product needs to be looked at before usage.
 Proper selection of products is the key towards a stable and effective

drilling fluid system.


Products and Applications

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Products and Applications

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Products & Applications

© 2004 Baker Hughes Incorporated

 Review all common Drilling fluid chemicals as per their

 Discuss product chemistry, compositions, functions, usage

 Talk about specialty products and their applications in

 Display product equivalence charts and discuss equivalent

© 2004 Baker Hughes Incorporated

General (generic) categories of Products

© 2004 Baker Hughes Incorporated

© 2004 Baker Hughes Incorporated

© 2004 Baker Hughes Incorporated

© 2004 Baker Hughes Incorporated

 Features and benefits :

© 2004 Baker Hughes Incorporated

 Features and benefits :

© 2004 Baker Hughes Incorporated

© 2004 Baker Hughes Incorporated

 Features and benefits :

 Features and benefits :

© 2004 Baker Hughes Incorporated

 Features and benefits :

© 2004 Baker Hughes Incorporated

 Features and benefits :

Fluid loss Control

© 2004 Baker Hughes Incorporated

 Features and benefits :

 Features and benefits :

© 2004 Baker Hughes Incorporated

 Features and benefits :

© 2004 Baker Hughes Incorporated

 Features and benefits :

 Features and benefits :

 Features and benefits :

 Features and benefits :

© 2004 Baker Hughes Incorporated

© 2004 Baker Hughes Incorporated

 Features and benefits :

 Features and benefits :

 Features and benefits :

 Features and benefits :

© 2004 Baker Hughes Incorporated

 Features and benefits :

 Features and benefits :

© 2004 Baker Hughes Incorporated

 Features and benefits :

© 2004 Baker Hughes Incorporated

© 2004 Baker Hughes Incorporated

 Features and benefits :

© 2004 Baker Hughes Incorporated

 Features and benefits :

 Features and benefits :

© 2004 Baker Hughes Incorporated

© 2004 Baker Hughes Incorporated

 Chekloss : Cellulosic seepage loss and differential sticking preservative

© 2004 Baker Hughes Incorporated

© 2004 Baker Hughes Incorporated

© 2004 Baker Hughes Incorporated

© 2004 Baker Hughes Incorporated

© 2004 Baker Hughes Incorporated

© 2004 Baker Hughes Incorporated

© 2004 Baker Hughes Incorporated

© 2004 Baker Hughes Incorporated

© 2004 Baker Hughes Incorporated