Pengantar Teknik Elektro

Elektronika II
Standar Kompetensi
• Mahasiswa mampu menghitung persamaan dasar dan
memahami profesi yang bisa ditekuni bidang elektronika
Rujukan
• Valery Vodovozov, Introduction to Electronic Engineering,
2010
• Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., Inventing the Electronic Century, 2005
 Electric circuit
An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements
linked together in a closed path so that electric current may
flow continuously

Circuit diagrams are the standard for electrical engineers

 Rate of flow of charge form node a to node b

Rate of flow of charge form node b to node a

(i = current)
A direct current (dc) is a current of constant magnitude

An alternating current (ac) is a

current of varying magnitude and
direction
 Voltage
Driving “force” of electrical current between two points

Vab Voltage at terminal a with respect to terminal b

Vba Voltage at terminal b with respect to terminal a

Vab = -Vba

Note: In a circuit, voltage is often defined relative to “ground”

 Voltage
The voltage across an element is the work (energy) required to move a
-
unit of positive charge from the “ ” terminal to the “+” terminal

A volt is the potential difference

(voltage) between two points when 1
joule of energy is used to move 1
coulomb of charge from one point to
the other
 Power
The rate at which energy is converted or work is performed

A watt results when 1 joule of energy is converted or used in 1 second

Circuit schematic example
Circuit elements
Resistors
Resistance (R) is the physical
property of an element that
impedes the flow of current . The
units of resistance are Ohms (Ω)

Resistivity (ρ) is the ability of a

material to resist current flow. The
units of resistivity are Ohm-meters
(Ω-m)
Example:

Resistivity of copper
1.68×10−8 Ω·m
Resistivity of glass

1010 to 1014 Ω·m

Resistors
 Resistor Labels
• Wire-wound resistors have a label indicating resistance and power ratings.
• A majority of resistors have color bars to indicate their resistance magnitude.
• There are usually 4 to 6 bands of color on a resistor. As shown in the figure
below, the right most color bar indicates the resistor reliability, however, some
resistor use this bar to indicate the tolerance. The color bar immediately left
to the tolerance bar (C), indicates the multipliers (in tens). To the left of the
multiplier bar are the digits, starting from the last digit to the first digit.

Resistor value = AB 10C  tol%()

Resistors
Metric Units and Conversions

Abbreviation Means Multiply unit by Or

p pico .000000000001 10 -12
n nano .000000001 10 -9
µ micro .000001 10 -6
m milli .001 10 -3
. Unit 1 10 0
k kilo 1,000 10 3
M mega 1,000,000 10 6
G giga 1,000,000,000 10 9
Digital Multimeter 1
• DMM is a measuring instrument
• An ammeter measures current
• A voltmeter measures the potential
difference (voltage) between two
points
• An ohmmeter measures resistance
• A multimeter combines these
functions, and possibly some
additional ones as well, into a single
instrument
Digital Multimeter 2

• Voltmeter
• Parallel connection
• Ammeter
• Series connection
• Ohmmeter
• Without any power supplied
• Adjust range (start from highest
limit if you don’t know)
Ammeter Connection

• Break the circuit so that the ammeter can be connected in series

• All the current flowing in the circuit must pass through the ammeter
• An ammeter must have a very LOW input impedance
Voltmeter Connection

• The voltmeter is connected in parallel between two

points of circuit
• A voltmeter should have a very HIGH input impedance
Ohmmeter Connection

• An ohmmeter does not function with a circuit connected to a

power supply
• Must take it out of the circuit altogether and test it separately
Resistors in Series

Rtotal=R1+R2

Rtotal=1+1=2kΩ
Resistors in Parallel

R1  R2
Rtotal 
R1  R2
1 1 1
Rtotal    0.5k
11 2
Exercise 1

R2  R3
Rtotal  R1 
R2  R3
1 1 3
Rtotal  1    1.5k
11 2
Ohm’s Law

(remember, R is in Ω
and ρ is in Ω-m)
Capacitors
Capacitors
A capacitor consists of a pair of
conductors separated by a
dielectric (insulator).

(ε indicates how penetrable a subtance is to an

electric field)

Electric charge is stored in the plates

– a capacitor can become “charged”

When a voltage exists across

the conductors, it provides the
energy to move the charge
from the positive plate to the
other plate.
 Capacitors
Capacitance (C) is the ability of a material to store charge in the
form of separated charge or an electric field. It is the ratio of
charge stored to voltage difference between two plates.

Capacitance is measured in Farads (F)

Capacitors
The capacitor plate attached to the negative
terminal accepts electrons from the battery.

The capacitor plate attached to the positive

terminal accepts protons from the battery.

What happens when the light bulb is

initially connected in the circuit?

What happens if you replace the battery

with a piece of wire?
 Energy storage

Work must be done by an external influence (e.g. a battery) to

separate charge between the plates in a capacitor. The charge is
stored in the capacitor until the external influence is removed and
the separated charge is given a path to travel and dissipate.

Work exerted to charge a capacitor is given by the equation:

 Capacitor Variations

Axial lead Radial lead

•Electrolytic
•Ceramic capacitors
–Aluminum, tantalum electrolytic
–very popular nonpolarized
–Tantalum electrolytic capacitor has a
capacitor
larger capacitance when compared to
–small, inexpensive, but poor aluminum electrolytic capacitor
temperature stability and poor
–Mostly polarized.
accuracy
–Greater capacitance but poor tolerance
–ceramic dielectric and a phenolic
when compared to nonelectrolytic
coating
capacitors.
–often used for bypass and coupling
–Bad temperature stability, high
applications
leakage, short lives
 Capacitor Variations

•Mylar •Mica
–very popular, nonpolarized –extremely accurate, low leakage
–reliable, inexpensive, low current
leakage –constructed with alternate layers of
–poor temperature stability metal foil and mica insulation,
stacked and encapsulated
–small capacitance
–often used in high-frequency
circuits (i.e. RF circuits)
 Capacitor Reading Example —I

10 104 pF=105 1012 F=107 F=0.1106 F=0.1μF

•Thus, we have a 0.1mF capacitor with ±10% tolerance.
 Capacitor Reading Example —II

10 103 pF=104 1012 F=108 F=0.01106 F=0.01μF

Inductors

An inductor is a two terminal element

consisting of a winding of N turns capable
of storing energy in the form of a magnetic
field

Inductance (L) is a measure of the ability of

a device to store energy in the form of a
magnetic field. It is measured in Henries (H)
 Inductors

Inductance in a cylindrical coil

μ0 = permeability of free space = 4π × 10−7 H/m

K = Nagaoka coefficient
N = number of turns
A = area of cross-section of the coil in m2
l = length of coil in m
 Inductors
The magnetic field from an inductor can generate an induced
voltage, which can be used to drive current

While building the magnetic field, the inductor resists current flow
 Inductors

What happens to the light bulb when the switch is closed?

What happens to the light bulb when the switch is then opened?
Series circuit example
Parallel Circuit example
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