Faraday’s Law and Lenz’s Law

B(t)

Physics 1304: Lecture 13, Pg 1

 Overview of Lecture

 Induction Effects
 Faraday’s Law (Lenz’ Law)
• Energy Conservation with induced currents?
 Faraday’s Law in terms of Electric Fields

Text Reference: Chapter 31.1-4

Physics 1304: Lecture 13, Pg 2

 Induction Effects

 Bar magnet moves through coil

S N
v
 Current induced in coil

• Change pole that enters N S

v
 Induced current changes sign

 Bar magnet stationary inside coil

N S
 No current induced in coil

 Coil moves past fixed bar magnet

v

 Current induced in coil S N

Physics 1304: Lecture 13, Pg 3

 Induction Effects
from Currents

a
• Switch closed (or opened) b
 current induced in coil b
• Steady state current in coil a
 no current induced in coil b

 Conclusion:
A current is induced in a loop when:

• there is a change in magnetic field through it

• loop moves through a magnetic field
 How can we quantify this?

Physics 1304: Lecture 13, Pg 4

 Faraday's Law

• Define the flux of the magnetic field through a surface (closed

or open) from:
dS

B B

 Faraday's Law:

The emf induced in a circuit is determined by the time rate

of change of the magnetic flux through that circuit.

The minus sign indicates direction of induced current

(given by Lenz's Law).
Physics 1304: Lecture 13, Pg 5
 Lenz's Law
• Lenz's Law:
The induced current will appear in such a direction that it
opposes the change in flux that produced it.

B B
S N N S
v v

 Conservation of energy considerations:

Claim: Direction of induced current must be so as to oppose

the change; otherwise conservation of energy would be
violated.
» Why???
 If current reinforced the change, then the change
would get bigger and that would in turn induce a
larger current which would increase the change,
etc.. Physics 1304: Lecture 13, Pg 6
 Lecture 18, CQ
y
 A conducting rectangular loop moves with
constant velocity v in the +x direction XXXXXXXXXXXX
through a region of constant magnetic field B XXXXXXXXXXXX
in the -z direction as shown. X X X X X X X vX X X X X
 What is the direction of the induced current in XXXXXXXXXXXX
1A x
the loop?

(a) ccw (b) cw (c) no induced current

• A conducting rectangular loop moves with y I
constant velocity v in the -y direction and a
constant current I flows in the +x direction as
shown.
• What is the direction of the induced v
1B current in the loop? x
(a) ccw (b) cw (c) no induced current

Physics 1304: Lecture 13, Pg 7

 Lecture 16, ACT 1
A conducting rectangular loop moves with y
constant velocity v in the +x direction XXXXXXXXXXXX
through a region of constant magnetic field B XXXXXXXXXXXX
in the -z direction as shown. X X X X X X X vX X X X X
 What is the direction of the induced current in XXXXXXXXXXXX
1A x
the loop?

(a) ccw (b) cw (c) no induced current

• There is a non-zero flux FB passing through the loop since B is
perpendicular to the area of the loop.
• Since the velocity of the loop and the magnetic field are CONSTANT,
however, this flux DOES NOT CHANGE IN TIME.
• Therefore, there is NO emf induced in the loop; NO current will flow!!

Physics 1304: Lecture 13, Pg 8

 Lecture 16, ACT 1
y
 A conducting rectangular loop moves with
constant velocity v in the +x direction through a XXXXXXXXXXXX
region of constant magnetic field B in the -z XXXXXXXXXXXX
direction as shown. X X X X X X X vX X X X X
 What is the direction of the induced current in XXXXXXXXXXXX
the loop? x

(a) ccw (b) cw (c) no induced current

I
• A conducting rectangular loop moves y i
with constant velocity v in the -y
direction and a constant current I
flows in the +x direction as shown.
• What is the direction of the induced v
current in the loop? x
(a) ccw (b) cw (c) no induced current
• The flux through this loop DOES change in time since the loop is moving from a
region of higher magnetic field to a region of lower field.
• Therefore, by Lenz’ Law, an emf will be induced which will oppose the change of
flux.
• The current i is induced in the clockwise direction to restore the flux.
Physics 1304: Lecture 13, Pg 9
 Demo
E-M Cannon
v
 Connect solenoid to a source of alternating
voltage.

 The flux through the area ^ to axis of solenoid ~

therefore changes in time.

side view
 A conducting ring placed on top of the
solenoid will have a current induced in it F B
opposing this change.


B
 There will then be a force on the ring since it
contains a current which is circulating in the
presence of a magnetic field. F
B
top view
Physics 1304: Lecture 13, Pg 10
 Lecture 18, CQ
 Let us predict the results of variants of the
electromagnetic cannon demo which you just Ring 1
observed.
 Suppose two aluminum rings are used in the
demo; Ring 2 is identical to Ring 1 except that it
has a small slit as shown. Let F1 be the force on
Ring 1; F2 be the force on Ring 2.
Ring 2
(a) F2 < F1 (b) F2 = F1 (c) F2 > F1
– Suppose two identically shaped rings are used in the demo.
Ring 1 is made of copper (resistivity = 1.7X10-8 W-m); Ring 2 is
made of aluminum (resistivity = 2.8X10-8 W-m). Let F1 be the
force on Ring 1; F2 be the force on Ring 2.

(a) F2 < F1 (b) F2 = F1 (c) F2 > F1

Physics 1304: Lecture 13, Pg 11

 Lecture 18, CQ
 For this ACT, we will predict the results of variants of
the electromagnetic cannon demo which you just Ring 1
observed.
 Suppose two aluminum rings are used in the
demo; Ring 2 is identical to Ring 1 except that it
has a small slit as shown. Let F1 be the force on
Ring 1; F2 be the force on Ring 2.
Ring 2
(a) F2 < F1 (b) F2 = F1 (c) F2 > F1

• The key here is to realize exactly how the force on the ring is
produced.
• A force is exerted on the ring because a current is flowing in the ring
and the ring is located in a magnetic field with a component
perpendicular to the current.
• An emf is induced in Ring 2 equal to that of Ring 1, but NO CURRENT is
induced in Ring 2 because of the slit!
• Therefore, there is NO force on Ring 2!

Physics 1304: Lecture 13, Pg 12

 Lecture 18, CQ
 For this ACT, we will predict the results of variants of
the electromagnetic cannon demo which you just Ring 1
observed.
 Suppose two aluminum rings are used in the
demo; Ring 2 is identical to Ring 1 except that it
has a small slit as shown. Let F1 be the force on
Ring 1; F2 be the force on Ring 2.
Ring 2
(a) F2 < F1 (b) F2 = F1 (c) F2 > F1

– Suppose two identically shaped rings are used in the demo.

Ring 1 is made of copper (resistivity = 1.7X10-8 W-m); Ring 2 is
made of aluminum (resistivity = 2.8X10-8 W-m). Let F1 be the force
on Ring 1; F2 be the force on Ring 2.

(a) F2 < F1 (b) F2 = F1 (c) F2 > F1

• The emf’s induced in each ring are equal.
• The currents induced in each ring are NOT equal because of the
different resistivities.
• The copper ring will have a larger current induced (smaller resistance)
and therefore will experience a larger force (F proportional
Physics 1304:to current).
Lecture 13, Pg 13
 Calculation

 Suppose we pull with velocity v a coil

of resistance R through a region of xxxxxx
I
constant magnetic field B.
xxxxxx
 What will be the induced current? w
» What direction? xxxxxx v
 Lenz’ Law  clockwise!! x x x x x x
x
 What is the magnitude?
» Magnetic Flux:

» Faraday’s Law:

\ 
Physics 1304: Lecture 13, Pg 14
 Energy Conservation?

• The induced current gives rise to

a net magnetic force ( F ) on F'
the loop which opposes the
xxxxxx
I
motion. xxxxxx
F w
xxxxxx v
xxxxxx
F'
• Agent must exert equal but x
opposite force to move the loop with velocity v; \ agent does work at rate
P, where

• Energy is dissipated in circuit at rate P'

 P = P' !
Physics 1304: Lecture 13, Pg 15
 Faraday's Law

• Define the flux of the magnetic field through a surface (closed

or open) from:
dS

B B

 Faraday's Law:

The emf induced in a circuit is determined by the time rate

of change of the magnetic flux through that circuit.

The minus sign indicates direction of induced current

(given by Lenz's Law).
Physics 1304: Lecture 13, Pg 16
 Conceptual Question
In figure (a), a solenoid produces a magnetic field whose strength
increases into the plane of the page. An induced emf is established in
a conducting loop surrounding the solenoid, and this emf lights bulbs
A and B. In figure (b), points P and Q are shorted. After the short is
inserted,

1. bulb A goes out; bulb B gets brighter.

2. bulb B goes out; bulb A gets brighter.
3. bulb A goes out; bulb B gets dimmer.
4. bulb B goes out; bulb A gets dimmer.
5. both bulbs go out.
6. none of the above
Physics 1304: Lecture 13, Pg 17
Physics 1304: Lecture 13, Pg 18
 DB  E
x x Ex x x x x x x
x
 Faraday's law  a changing B induces an
emf which can produce a current in a loop. E
xxxxxxxxxx
 In order for charges to move (i.e., the r
current) there must be an electric field. xxxxxxxxxx
 \ we can state Faraday's law more generally x x x xBx x x x x x
in terms of the E field which is produced by E
a changing B field. x x x x x x x xEx x

• Suppose B is increasing into the screen as shown above. An E

field is induced in the direction shown. To move a charge q
around the circle would require an amount of work =

W   qE  dl
• This work can also be calculated from e = W/q.
Physics 1304: Lecture 13, Pg 19
 DB  E

• Putting these 2 eqns together:

x x xEx x x x x x x
E
xxxxxxxxxx
 r
xxxxxxxxxx
B
• Therefore, Faraday's law can be xxxxxxxxxx
rewritten in terms of the fields as: E
x x x x x x x xEx x

 Note that for E fields generated by charges at rest

(electrostatics) since this would correspond to the potential difference
between a point and itself. Consequently, there can be no "potential
function" corresponding to these induced E fields.

Physics 1304: Lecture 13, Pg 20

 Lecture 18, CQ y
XXXX
 The magnetic field in a region of space of XXXXXXX
radius 2R is aligned with the -z-direction XXXXXXXX
and changes in time as shown in the plot. XXXXXXXXX
 What is sign of the induced emf in a ring of R x
XXXXXXXXX
radius R at time t=t1? XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXXX
(a) e < 0 (b) e = 0 (c) e > 0 Bz
( E ccw) ( E cw)

– What is the relation between the t1 t

magnitudes of the induced electric fields ER
at radius R and E2R at radius 2R ?

(a) E2R = ER (b) E2R = 2ER (c) E2R = 4ER

Physics 1304: Lecture 13, Pg 21

 Lecture 18, CQ y
XXXX
 The magnetic field in a region of space of radius XXXXXXX
2R is aligned with the -z-direction and changes
in time as shown in the plot. XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXX
 What is sign of the induced emf in a ring of R x
XXXXXXXXX
radius R at time t=t1? XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXXX
(a) e < 0 (b) e = 0 (c) e > 0
( E ccw) ( E cw)
B
• There will be an induced emf at t=t1
because the magnetic field (and therefore
the magnetic flux) is changing. It makes NO
DIFFERENCE that at t=t1 the magnetic field t1 t
happens to be equal to ZERO!
• The magnetic field is increasing at t=t1
(actually at all times shown!) which induces
an emf which opposes the corresponding
change in flux. ie electric field must be
induced in a counter clockwise sense so
that the current it would drive would create
a magnetic field in the z direction. Physics 1304: Lecture 13, Pg 22
 Lecture 18, CQ y
XXXX
 The magnetic field in a region of space of radius XXXXXXX
2R is aligned with the -z-direction and changes
in time as shown in the plot. XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXX
 What is sign of the induced emf in a ring of R x
XXXXXXXXX
radius R at time t=t1? XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXXX
(a) e < 0 (b) e = 0 (c) e > 0 B
( E ccw) ( E cw)

What is the relation between the t1 t

magnitudes of the induced electric fields ER
at radius R and E2R at radius 2R ?

(a) E2R = ER (b) E2R = 2ER (c) E2R = 4ER

• The rate of change of the flux is
proportional to the area:
• The path integral of the induced
electric field is proportional to the
radius.
NOTE: This result is important for the operation of the Betatron.
Physics 1304: Lecture 13, Pg 23
 Textbook Problems

Problems 31-33, 31-39, 31-46, 31-67

Physics 1304: Lecture 13, Pg 24

Induced EMF by motion

Physics 1304: Lecture 13, Pg 25

 Rod Moving in B-Field
Consider a metal rod moving in a
B-field. The free charges in the
rod will experience a force given X X X X X X X X X X X X
by, - - --
X X X X X X X X - -

F  qv  B X X X X X X X X

the top the force would be X X X X X X X X + +

upwards and negative charge +
+ +
would thus accumulate on end. X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X
The work done in separating the
charges is:
W  F l
i.e.
 qvBl
By definition the EMF is then,
e  vBl
W
e 
q Physics 1304: Lecture 13, Pg 26
 The previous result is connected with Faraday’s law. To see this we re-interpret
Faradays law as the induced EMF along the path of a moving conductor in the
presence of a constant of changing B-field. This induced EMF would be equal to
the rate at which magnetic flux sweeps across the path.

x x x x x x
e  vBL
x x x x x x
Ds
x x x x x x  BL
Dt
x x x x x x
Ds Aswept  DsL

 e  (sBL)  ( BA)
d
dt
d
dt
e 
dFB
dt

dFB : rate at which flux is swept.

dt
Physics 1304: Lecture 13, Pg 27
 Electric Generators and Motors

Consider a loop of wire in n̂ B

a constant magnetic
field. If we rotate the
loop the flux through FB  BA
the cross sectional
area will change.
e
B
By Faradays Law an 
FB (t )  BA cos (t )
Induced EMF will be i
generated.
i
i

The converse is also true if we run a current through the

wire then a torque will be excerted on the loop making it
turn.
Physics 1304: Lecture 13, Pg 28
Textbook Problems

Physics 1304: Lecture 13, Pg 29

Textbook Problems

Physics 1304: Lecture 13, Pg 30

Electric Motors and Generators

Physics 1304: Lecture 13, Pg 31

Textbook Problems

Physics 1304: Lecture 13, Pg 32