Journal of Applied Sciences 13 (5):

663-672, 2013
ISSN 1812 -5654 / DOI:
10.3923/jas.2013.663-672
by Usama A. Ameer

Dosen : Prof, Zaidir, Dr. Eng

PRESENTED BY INDAH SUCIHATI

FAEBBA
1620922012

PROGRAM STUDI S2 TEKNIK

SIPIL
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS
ANDALAS/2018
 LATAR BELAKANG
• Using fiber reinforced polymer FRP in retrofitting of concrete have in
creased tremendously
• FRP material in an effective method for strengthening of deficient reinforced
concrete member (improve their performance)
• Other study about using FRP:
– Jinlong 2005 : eksperimental and analytical on FRP used to
strengthening reinforced concrete, bonding FRP plates to the tension
zone is efificient and effective technique for flexural strenngthening .
– Arifovic and Taljsten 2008, investigated the mode of failure. The crack
failure predicted due to lower bound load and FRP should be extended
along the critical crack region
– Ra hai et al 2008, strengthened ten reinforced concrete beams
specimens by external CFRP strip glued at the bottom of beam using
different resins (epoxy and polyester).
– Feilicetti and Domenico 2008, investigated the use of epoxy resin in
cracked concrete repair.
 LATAR BELAKANG
• Other study about using FRP:
– Zain et al 2002, High strength concrete (HSC) is supposed to enhance
the tensile strength of concrete which give better performance
comparing with the normal concrete.
– Kang et al 2010, investigated the effect of adding fiber with volume ratio
variated from 0 to 5 % to reinforced concrete beam with HSC, the result
found that flexural tensile strength increased linearly with increasing the
fiber ratio.
 THE EXPERIMENTAL
• The main objective study in this paper is to investegated the effect of using
two method of placinf FRP strips and epoxy resin as an alternative
rahabilitation methods used for steel-concrete composite beams having :

Normal Compressive Strength reinforcement concrete deck,

Normal no-fiber concrete (NNF)

Normal fiber concrete (NFC)

High conpressive strength reinforced concrete deck

High strength no fiber concrete (HNF)

High strength fiber concrete (HFC)

 THE INVESTIGATED

this study is to investigated their effect on flexural resistance,

mid-span deflection

slip at ends of steel -concrete composite beam

 Material Preparation and Experimental
Methods
• All material , the cement, aggregat, and water used in concrete are tested
and prepared before construction of composite beam samples
• The final mix proportions used with a slump of 90mm for each type of used
concrete.
• The compressive strength sample beams concrete cube test :
Group Tested Compressive strength
concrete cube (fcu), MPa
NNF 25.8
NFC 25.5
HNF 56.8
HFC 57.1
the last two group as stated by ACI-Code, 2011
• Investigated the effect of compressive strength, with fiber precentage 1, 1.5
and 2 %, the result show that, the optimum fiber precentage of 1.5% is
used.
 Material Preparation and Experimental
Methods
• Steel Properties :
– Uniaxial tensile : steel yield fy=355 MPa, and ultimate strength fu=487
MPa. Modulus Elasticity Es=198650 MPa
– Reinforcement bar : diameter 10 mm, yield strength fy=494 MPa,
ultimate strength fu=664 Mpa, Modulus Elasticity Er=198550 MPa
• Headed stud mechanical shear connectors :
– total 15 steel headed stud
– diameter 12 mm, high 70 mm, spaced 125 mm
– yield strength fy= 512 MPa, ultimate strength fu=685 MPa, Modulus
Elastiscity Est=202200 MPa.
– the heade stud are welded to the flange of each steel beam.
 Material Preparation and Experimental
Methods
• Experimental Method :
– A total of twelve composite bems are constructed and tested.
– A total length of composite beams is 2000 mm,
– Composite beams is composite of standard hot rolled steel shape
(W6x12) connected to 150 mm thickness concrete slab with 550 mm
width.
– The composite beam specimens are simply supported at its ends, with a
span 1900 mm between supports.
– A 500 kN hydraulic jack is used to apply a two point monotonic load
applied at top of concrete flange by using a distribution beam and two
cross shafts
– The test setup generates two shear zone near the ends and pure
bending zone at the middle of the simply supported beam.
Material Preparation and Experimental
Methods

steel fiber

section, studs and concrete casting

reinforcement bar
 Material Preparation and Experimental
Methods
• Experimental Method :
– The present study used different comprossive strength of concrete wit
or without steel fibers added to concrete flange of the compoiste beam
specimens in the four group.
– The specimens were tested to failure (reffered to as original specimens)
and then the concrete flange of the same beams treated after failure
and retested using same setup of the original test (refferd to as
rehabilitation specimens)
– Three different methods of concrete deck treatment were used,
depending on the mode of failure observed after the original test.
• Method is reffered to depending on material used and placing
method of fiber reinforced polymer. The treatmens were carried out
by placing Sikawarp-230C/45 strip having tensile strength of 4120
MPa, (FRP strips), with 3 mm thickness, in the direction of beam
span (longitudinal direction) glued to concrete using Sikadure-330
Epoxy with tensile strength of 31.5 MPa at 7-days. at the middle
span of beam at top and bottom of concrete flange with strip width
100 mm and length of 500 mm.
 Material Preparation and Experimental
Methods
• Experimental Method :
– Another method was suggested by placing the FRP strips in the
direction perpendicular to beam span (transverse direction) glued to
concrete at the middle span of beam, using three strip each strip with
100 mm width, with 100 mm gep between strips, surrounding the
concrete deck along bottom, sides
– Finally a Sikadure-52 LV Epoxy Resin having tensile strength of about
55 MPa at 4-days was injected in the crack formed after testing
– Each group after rehabilitation has three different types of specimens
name as :
• Group name-type of threatment :
NNF-LFS (Normal compressive strength no fiber treated by
longitudinal fiber strip)
NNF-TFS (Normal compressive strength no fiber -treated by
Transverse Fiber Strip )
NNF-ER (Normal compressive strength no fiber-treated by Epoxy
Resin
Material Preparation and Experimental
Methods

deck's crack (side longitudinal and

and top) transverse FRP strip

Epoxy resin injection

Material Preparation and Experimental
Methods
Beam test setup (Dimensions
in mm)

(a) testing setup

(longitudinal section)

(b) Beam testing

 Experimental Tests Result

• Testing of the each composite beams specimens, the deflection at the mid-
span of the beam started and increased gradually with the increasing of the
applied load.

• The final failure modes of the specimens are the flexural failure in concrete
flange after generating major cracks.

• The deflection at mid span of the original composite beam specimens of the
four groups is recorded throughout loading stages up to failure of each
beam.
Experimental Tests Result
NNF NFC

HNF HFC

load-deflection curve of the original composite beam

specimens for the four groups.
 Experimental Tests Result
• After rehabilitation of the beams and conduction retests, the deflection at
mid span of the rehabilitated specimens of the four groups is also recorded
throughout loading stages up to failure of each beam. The test result

NNF NFC

HNF HFC

Load-deflection curves of the rehabilitated composite beam specimens for

the four groups
 DISCUSSION

• The result of experimental test obtained from the original bending test , the
result show that :
– the maximum average ultimate resistance of composite beam : for
group HNF, NFC, and NNF less than HFC, 1.4 , 17.8 ,27.1 %. The
higher tensile strength of concrete gained of HFC group amd increasing
of interaction due to availability of steel fiber.
– the minimum average midspan deflection is obtained in group HFC and
the other group gives average midpspan deflection more than the HFC,
29.5, 9.3, 23.1 for HNF, NFC, and NNF.
 DISCUSSION

• The result of experimental test obtained from the original bending test , the
result show that :
– the slip at ends of beam give a minimum values in group HFC and the
the other group gives average slip at ends more than HFC, 18.8, 47.8
and 89,1% for group HNF, NFC, and NNF.
 DISCUSSION

• after treating the damaged composite beam, the beams are reloaded and
the results :
– the maximum average ultimate resistance load and lesser average slip
at ends is obtained in group HFC , while a lesser average midspan
deflection is obtained in group HNF
– this result is comply with the conclusions stated from before
experimental, the FRP as one of the best alternatives used in
strengthening concrete structure.
 DISCUSSION

• compared result listed in table 6 and table 7 , the precentages of ultimate

loads, midspan deflection and slip at ends with respect to the original values
are listed in table 8, for the three different methodes og treatment adopted.
• the values listed in table 8 show using longitudinal FRP gives
– ultimates resistance ranging from 93.8 to 100.5%from the original
ultimate resistance for four group
– the midspan deflection ranged from 29.5 to 84,9 % from the original
deflection
– the slip at ends ranged from 60 to 103% from the original slip.
 DISCUSSION

• the values listed in table 8 show using transverse FRP gives

– ultimates resistance ranging from 84.4 to 95.5%from the original
ultimate resistance for four group
– the midspan deflection ranged from 34.3 to 78.8 % from the original
deflection
– the slip at ends ranged from 67 to 91% from the original slip.
• these result show that the FRP would be more effective it it placed in the
longitudinal direction.
 DISCUSSION
– The result also show that using Epoxy Resin give:
• ultimate resistance ranged from 68.5 to 95,1 % from the original
ultimate resistance of the four group.
• the midspan deflection ranged from 21. 8 to 63 % from the original
deflection.
• the slip at ends ranged from 90 to 110% from the original slip.

THE RESULT SHOW THAT TREATING COMPOSITE BEAM USING

LONGITUDINAL FRP GIVE HIGH ULTIMATE RESISTANCE
COMPARED WITH THE ORIGINAL TEST RESULT
 CONCLUSIONS
– Using result gained from experiments, the following conclusion are
stated :
• The ultimate resistance of the composite beam is increasing by
increasing compressive strength and/or adding steel fiber to
concrete deck comparing with normal concrete.
• Using HRC with steel fiber in concrete deck would decrease
deflection at midspan and decrease slip at ends.
• Treating composite beam using longitudinal FRP gives ultimate
resistance of about 93.8 tp 100.5 % with the original test result
• Treating composite beam using transverse FRP gives ultimate
resistance of about 84.4 tp 95.5 % with the original test result
• Treating composite beam with Epoxy Resin gives ultimate
resistance of about 68.5 tp 95.1 % with the original test result
• Treating composite beam using three methods give an utimate
resistance with less deflection compared with the original sample
• Treating composite beam using three methods give an utimate
resistance with less slip compared with the original sample