CE 515 – WATER RESOURCES

ENGINEERING
 COURSE REQUIREMENTS
QUIZZES 40%
PRELIM EXAM 20%
FINAL EXAM 20%
PROJECT 10%
CLASS PARTICIPATION 10%
TOTAL 100%
 OUTLINE
1. Water Withdrawals and Uses
2. Water Distribution
3. Water for Hydroelectric Generation
4. Flood Control
5. Stormwater Control: Storm Sewers and Detention
6. Stormwater Control: Street and Highway Drainage
and Culvers
7. Design of Spillways and Energy Dissipation for Flood
Control Storage and Conveyance Systems
8. Sedimentation and Erosion Hydraulics
9. Water Resources Management for Sustainability
 Introduction

SURVIVAL:
FOOD – 21 DAYS
WATER – 3 DAYS
 I. Philippine Water Resources Situation
Philippines’ Water Resources
0 200 000 400 000 600 000 800 000 100 000 0

Major River Basins

Average Rainfall

2200000

2200000
2,400 mm per year Abulog RB
A BU LUG
RI VE R BA S IN
A = 3 ,36 2 s q . k m s.
LEGEND:
Major rivers

2000000

2000000
Abra RB CA G AY A N
Provincial boundaries
AB RA
RIV E R B A SIN
R IVE R BA S IN
A = 2 5,4 69 s q. km s .
Water bodies
A = 5,1 25 s q. k m s .
Cagayan RB 18 MAJOR RIVER BASINS
Cagayan RB
Mindanao RB
A G NO
RIV E R B A SIN Agusan RB
A = 5,9 52 s q. k m s .
Pampanga RB

1800000

1800000
Agno RB
Agno RB
Pampanga RB Abra
421 principal rivers PA MP A NG A
RIV E R B A SIN
Pasig-Laguna Lake RB
Bicol RB
A = 9,7 53 s q. k m s .

79 Lakes Abulug RB
Tagum -Libuganon RB
Pasig-Laguna Lake Ilog-Hilabangan RB

1600000

1600000
Bicol RB
RB PA S IG -LA G UNA L AK E OV
N
RS
O
ELE
ARIO
TA

EN
G.T
RIAS
LS
A(NP
IC AS
R)Ñ
B ICO L
RIV E R B A SIN Panay RB

A
N
LAGU
GA
M
AR
CMON
A

EOF
RIV ER B AS IN

VINC
AR
MAGO
NDO
N
A = 3,7 71 s q. k m s .

PRO
Tagoloan RB
P
R
OV E
G
M
EER
N L
A
IN
CE
OF B GIL
A I IO
U AL
NDO
EZ
ND
Z-

A = 4 ,67 8 s q . k m s . ATAN
GA
S
M
EÑE
NU AG AC
TAYTYITY

Agus RB
Davao RB
Cagayan de Oro RB
Jalaur RB
Panay RB
Buayan-Malungan RB

1400000

1400000
Note: List of Major River Basins
PA NA Y
from the largest to smallest
RIV E R B A SIN (Area at least 1,400 sq. kms).
A = 1,8 43 s q. k m s .

Jalaur RB
1200000

1200000
Surface Water J A LA UR
RIV E R B A SIN

125.8 billion m3
A = 1,5 03 s q. k m s .

Agusan RB
ILO G -HI LA BA NG A N
Ilog-Hilabangan RB RIV E R B A SI N
1000000

A = 1,9 45 s q. km s .

1000000
GROUNDWATER
TA G O LO A N
CA G A YA N RIV E R B A SIN
A G US AN

Groundwater RIV E R B A SIN A = 1,7 04 s q. k m s .

RIV E R B A SI N
A = 1,5 21 s q. k m s . A = 10, 921 s q. k ms .

Cagayan de Oro RB
20.2 billion m3 Tagoloan RB

TAG UM -LIB UG A NO N
Agus RB RIV ER B AS IN

800000
800000

A = 3,0 64 sq . k m s .
Tagum - Libuganon RB

Water
A G US
RIV E R B A SIN
A = 1,6 45 s q. k m s .
DA V AO
RIV E R B A SIN
A = 1,6 23 s q. k m s .

allocated for Mindanao RB M IND AN AO

RIV E R B A SI N
A = 23, 169 s q. k ms .
BUA Y AN -MA LUN G AN
Davao RB
RI VE R BA S IN
A = 1, 435 s q. k ms .

Total Water Resources

600000
600000

different uses Buayan-Malungon RB

146 billion m3 Scale in K ilometers

100 0 100

~ 60% 0 200 000 400 000 600 000 800 000 100 000 0
Laws on Water Management
o Water Code of the Philippines (1976)- law governing the
ownership, appropriation, utilization, conservation and
protection of water resources
o Environmental Code (1977)- provides the management
guidelines on the protection and improvement of quality of
water
o Local Government Code (1991) - devolves the water supply
and sanitation services to local government units. It also
empowers the LGUs to perform watershed management
functions subject to DENR supervision and control.
o Clean Water Act (2004)- provides a comprehensive and
integrated strategy to prevent and minimize pollution through
a multi-sectoral and participatory approach involving all the
stakeholders
Water Withdrawals
and Uses
 Water Users and Utilization
Power
NON-CONSUMPTIVE
USE??????
Fisheries Agriculture

Environ Water Domestic and

ment Municipal

Tourism Industry
CONSUMPTIVE USES

Municipal, Others,
Others, 6,266.87 , 3% 1,568.16 , 2%
1,568.16 , 1% Industrial, Municipal,
Irrigation, 8,252.40 , 6,266.87 , 7%
66,948.47 , 10%
35%

Industrial,
Power, 8,252.40 , 4% Irrigation,
110,079.08 , 66,948.47 ,
57% 81%

Water Code of the Philippines Issuance of Water Permit

Deepwell
Spring
ANALYSIS OF SURFACE
WATER SUPPLY
Surface Water Reservoir System
 RESERVOIRS
Definition
• A reservoir is a manmade lake or structure used to store water.
• The main function of a reservoir is stabilize the flow of water,
either by regulating a varying supply in a natural stream or by
satisfying a varying demand by the ultimate consumers.
• Primary uses of reservoirs are:
1. Water Supply
2. Irrigation
3. Hydropower
4. Flood Control
Figure: Ambuklao, Binga, San
Roque and Lower Agno River
Basins
Figure: San Roque Reservoir (Google Earth)
Figure: San Roque Dam and Reservoir (Google Earth)
Figure: San Roque Dam Downstream
Figure: San Roque Spillway (Construction Stage)
Figure: Angat Reservoir at high water level
Figure. Angat Reservoir at low water level
Figure: Angat Spillway
Storage-Firm Yield Analysis for Water Supply
•The most important aspect of storage–reservoir design is an
analysis of the relation between yield and capacity.
• Yield is the amount of water that can be supplied from the
reservoir during a specified interval of time. It is dependent on
inflow and will vary from year to year.
• Safe or firm yield is the maximum quantity of water that can be
guaranteed during a critical dry period.
• The critical period is often taken as the period of lowest natural
flow on record for the stream.
• The maximum possible yield during a given time interval equals
the mean inflow less evaporation and seepage losses during that
interval.
• Given a target yield, selection of reservoir capacity is dependent
on the acceptable risk that the yield will not always be realized
METHODS TO DETERMINE THE
FIRM YIELD
 1. FLOW DURATION CURVE
Flow Duration Curve for Alsea River at Tidewater (WY 1991-2000)

30000

25000

20000
Discharge (cfs)

15000

10000

5000

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Percent of time that indicated discharge was equaled or exceeded
 Flow Duration Curve (Log Intervals) for Alsea
River at Tidewater (WY 1991-2000)

Flow Duration Curve (Log Intervals) for Alsea River at Tidewater (WY 1991-2000)

100000

10000

1000
Discharge (cfs)

100

10

1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Percent of time that indicated discharge was equaled or exceeded
 Steps:
• Step 1: Sort (rank) average daily discharges for period
of record from the largest value to the smallest value,
involving a total of “y” values.
• Step 2: Assign each discharge value a rank (n), starting
with 1 for the largest daily discharge value.
• Step 3: Calculate exceedence probability (EP) as
follows:
• EP = 100 m 
 n 1 
EP = the probability that a given flow will be equalled or exceeded (%
of time)
m = the ranked position on the listing (dimensionless)
n = the number of events for period of record (dimensionless)
 2. MASS CURVE ANALYSIS
• Mass curve or Ripple diagram is a cumulative plotting of net reservoir
inflow.
• The slope of the mass curve at any time is a measure of the inflow at
that time.
• Demand curves representing a uniform rate of demand are straight lines.
• Demand lines drawn tangent to the high points of the mass curve
represent rates of withdrawal from the reservoir.
• Assuming the reservoir to be full wherever a demand line intersects the
mass curve, the maximum departure between the demand line and the
mass curve represents the reservoir capacity required to satisfy the
demand.
•The vertical distance between successive tangents represents water
wasted over the spillway.
• If the demand is not uniform, the demand line becomes curve but the
analysis is the same.
 3. SEQUENT PEAK ALGORITHM
• Sequent-peak algorithm is commonly used when lengthy synthetic data are
to be analyzed.
• Values of the cumulative sum of inflow minus withdrawals (includes
average evaporation and seepage) are calculated.
• The first peak (local maximum of cumulative net inflow) and the sequent
peak (next following peak that is greater than the first peak) are identified.
• The required storage for the interval is the difference between the initial
peak and the lowest trough in the interval.
• The process is repeated for all cases in the period under study and the
largest value of required storage can be found.
 Problem 1
Using the stream flow data given in the
following slide, calculate the firm yield using
a. Flow Duration Curve Method
b. Mass Curve Method
STREAMFLOW DATA
FLOW,
FLOW, FLOW, ac.ft./m
YEAR MONTH ac.ft./mo. YEAR MONTH ac.ft./mo. YEAR MONTH o.
1965 10 742 6 19630 2 2800
11 1060 7 3590 3 4590
12 1000 8 710 4 21960
1966 1 1500 9 518 5 30790
2 1080 10 924 6 14320
3 6460 11 1020 7 2370
4 10000 12 874 8 709
5 13080 1968 1 1020 9 528
6 4910 2 8640 10 859
7 981 3 6370 11 779
8 283 4 6720 12 1250
9 322 5 13290 1970 1 11750
10 404 6 9290 2 5410
11 787 7 1540 3 5560
12 2100 8 915 4 5610
1967 1 4410 9 506 5 24330
2 2750 10 886 6 32870
3 3370 11 3040 7 7280
4 5170 12 2990 8 1150
5 19680 1969 1 8170 9 916
 Problem 2
Use the monthly evaporation loss and precipitation data
and use the sequent peak method to determine the
required active storage for producing 2000 ac-ft/month
firm yield. Seepage losses are negligible.

Month 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
E 270 275 280 350 470 450 400 350 370 330 300 290
P 3 5 5 10 30 50 100 150 70 10 2 3
See you!