PYDAH KAUSHIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

GAMBHERAM,VISAKHAPATNAM

FABRICATION OF HYDROXY CELL AIDED PETROL ENGINE

BY

M.SAI SRINIVAS 15W21A0344

D.JEEVAN KUMAR 15W21A0320

M.SANDEEP 15W21A0356

M.S CHANDRASEKHAR 15W21A0347

K.AVINASH 15W21A0335

Under the Guidance of :

Mr. B. APPALANARASIMHAMURTHY, M.TECH

Assistant Professor
 ABSTRACT

The objective of this work was to construct a simple innovative HHO generation system and
evaluate the effect of hydroxyl gas HHO addition, as an engine performance improver, into
gasoline fuel on engine performance and emissions. HHO cell was designed, fabricated and
optimized for maximum HHO gas productivity per input power. The optimized parameters were
the number of neutral plates, distance between them and type and quantity of one catalyst
of Potassium Hydroxide (KOH).
 CONTENTS

1. Introduction

2. Literature survey

3. Working principle

4. Fabrication

5. Components

6. Cost estimation table

7. Discussions and conclusion

8. Future scope

9. References
 INTRODUCTION

A trending global concern, toward lowering fuel consumption and emissions of internal
combustion engines, is motivating researchers to seek alternative solutions that would not require
a dramatic modification in engines design. Among such solutions is using H2 as an alternative
fuel to enhance engine efficiency and produce less pollution.This is not feasible from a
commercial point view; building a system that generates H2 and integrating it with the engine
system yield an expensive manufacturing cost and impact the vehicle market price.Musmar and
Al-Rousan have designed, integrated and tested a compact HHO generating device on a gasoline
engine. Their results showed that nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and fuel
consumption were reduced by 50%, 20%, and ∼30%, respectively, with an addition of HHO gas.
The effect of HHO addition on CI engines was studied by Yilmaz et al.; their results reported an
increase in engine torque by an average of 19.1%, a reduction in CO and Hydrocarbons (HC)
emissions, and Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) by averages of 13.5%, 5%, and 14%,
respectively.Shivaprasad have experimented on a single cylinder SI gasoline engine while
injecting H2 in the intake manifold in volumetric fractions (Vf) of the intake air between 5% and
25%. The results reported a continuous increase in Bmep and thermal efficiency, and a decrease in
both HC and CO emissions, with an increase in H2 fraction. Unfavorably, a corresponding
increase in NOx was reported with the rise in H2%. The results demonstrate a most profound
enhancement in Bmep and thermal efficiency in lean conditions, and an increase in peak cylinder
pressure and an advance in the corresponding crank angle (CA) with the increase in H2%.
Advantages of CO2, CO and HC reduction, while NOx increased, with higher H2 %, would be
reasoned as follows: reduction of these 3 was attributed to enhanced combustion kinetics, as
H2 combustion produces the oxidizing species of OH and O radicals that benefit the chemistry of
Hydrocarbons (HCs) combustion. Besides, gasoline fuel flow was reduced with H2 enrichment –
to maintain constant global mixture equivalence and compare the engine performance with pure
gasoline – so, lesser HCs content is in the fuel, which cuts the formation of CO, CO2 and HC and
promotes economic fuel consumption. Furthermore, hydrogen has a higher diffusion
coefficient than that of the gasoline, and so, the gaseous H2 can disperse thoroughly in the charge
and allow for greater mixture homogeneity and combustion completeness. On the other hand,
NOx increase was attributed to the higher adiabatic flame temperature of hydrogen.
 LITERATURE SURVEY

Boretti Energy et.al (2010)

Describes engine and vehicle models to generate engine brake specific fuel consumption maps
and compute vehicle fuel economies over driving cycles, and applies these models to evaluate the
benefits of a H2ICEs developed with the direct injection jet ignition engine concept to further
reduce the fuel energy usage of a compact car equipped with a with a flywheel based kinetic
energy recovery systems. The car equipped with a 1.2 L TDI Diesel engine and KERS consumes
25 g/km of fuel producing 79.2 g/km of CO2 using 1.09 MJ/km of fuel energy. These CO2 and
fuel energy values are more than 10% better than those of today's best hybrid electric vehicle. The
car equipped with a 1.6 L DI-JI H2ICE engine consumes 8.3 g/km of fuel, corresponding to only
0.99 MJ/km of fuel energy.
C.M. White et al. (2006)

His experimental investigation, the performance and emission characteristics were studied on a
direct injection diesel engine in dual fuel mode with hydrogen inducted along with air adopting
carburetion, timed port and manifold injection techniques. Results showed that in timed port
injection, the specific energy consumption reduces by 15% and smoke level by 18%. The unburnt
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions are lesser in port injection. The oxides of nitrogen
are higher in hydrogen operation (both port and manifold injection) compared to diesel engine. In
order to reduce the NOX emissions, a selective catalytic converter was used in hydrogen port fuel
injection. The NOX emission reduced upto a maximum of 74% for ANR (ratio of flow rate of
ammonia to the flow rate of NO) of 1.1 with a marginal reduction in efficiency. Selective catalytic
reduction technique has been found to be effective in reducing the NOX emission from hydrogen
fueled diesel engines.
F. Ma et al (2010)

Natural gas vehicle engines are preferred over diesel engines because they release significantly
lower amounts of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon dioxide emissions. Hydrogen-compressed
natural gas (HCNG) technology is a promising alternative to that used in conventional compressed
natural gas engines because hydrogen possesses stable lean combustion characteristics. Although
the NOx emissions requirements are satisfied, methane emissions must be filtered using an
oxidation catalyst. An alternative is required for methane reduction because improving the
conversion efficiency of methane is expensive. In this study, the strategy of varying the valve
overlap was employed to reduce methane emissions. Although a torque valve cannot meet engine
emission specifications, the hydrocarbon and methane emissions were reduced by approximately
41% by decreasing the valve overlap duration while using HCNG fuel. The level of NOx
emissions was approximately equivalent to or slightly higher than that of a conventional camshaft.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE

This works on the principal of electrolysis process. Electrolysis is the process that converts water
to gas. The electrical supply for the process is used from your Vehicles battery and alternator.An
electrical power source is connected to the two electrode materials which are placed in the water.

Hydrogen will appear at the cathode (the negatively charged electrode, where electrons enter the
water), and oxygen will appear at the anode material (the positively charged electrode).ie
reduction at cathode and oxidation at anode occurs according to ideal faradaic efficiency.
ELECTROLYSIS PROCESS
LINE DIAGRAM

1. Separator
2. Dry cell
3. WaterTank
4. Hydrogen
cell
FABRICATION OF HYDROXY CELL
 COMPONENTS OF FABRICATION

SEPARATOR DRY CELL

HYDROGEN SENSOR HYDROGEN CELL
 COST

SL.No. Part name Quantity Cost

1 Hydrogen 01 3000/-
dry cell

2 Hydrogen 01 800/-
separator

3 Battery(12 01 1000/-
V)

4 Engine 01 4000/-

Total 8800/-
 DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSION

This diatomic configuration of HHO gas (H2 and O2) results in efficient combustion because the
hydrogen and oxygen atoms interact directly without any ignition propagation delays due to
surface travel time of the reaction. On ignition, its flame front flashes through the cylinder wall at
a much higher velocity than in ordinary gasoline/air combustion . The released heat of HHO
facilitated breaking of the gasoline molecules bonds and hence increasing reaction rate and flame
speed and then combustion efficiency is increased.
 ADVANTAGES

• The engine thermal efficiency will be increases when HHO gas has been introduced into the
air fuel mixture , consequently reducing the air fuel mixture.

• The concentration of NOx, CO and HC gases will be reduces on average when HHO is
introduced into the system.

• Eliminate harmful exhaust emission that pollute the environment and contribute to global
warming.

• Better smoother running engine.

• Remove carbon deposits.

• Reduce knocking of engine.

• Reduce the operating temperature of the engine.

• Decreases the oil consumption of engine.

 FUTURE SCOPE

This project have a reliability in itself being an automobile. This project is also very economical
since the major factor of high level of fuel(petrol) prices in the country, would be reduced. All the
components used in the project are real and available easily. such type of bikes or automobiles are
needed more in India because these reduces the air pollution and the amount of money involved in
the fuel consumption. Currently, in India, air pollution is widespread in urban areas where
vehicles are the major contributors and in a few other areas with a high concentration of industries
and thermal power plants . Hydrogen is a fuel with heat content nearly three times that of
gasoline. From our work we experimentally found out that the efficiency of an IC engine can be
rapidly increased by mixing hydrogen with gasoline. Hydrogen is the Key to a Clean Energy
Future. Thus the hydrogen powered bike would be the major automobile used by the country since
the fuel used have more advantages as compare to the conventional fuels.

It is recommended for the future work to study the effect of both compression ratio and ignition
advance on the engine performance and emissions with introducing HHO gas into the gasoline
engine.
 REFERENCES

A. Boretti [ 1 ] Comparison of fuel economies of high efficiency diesel and hydrogen engines
powering a compact car with a flywheel based kinetic energy recovery systems

C.M. White, R.R. Steeper, A.E. Lutz [ 2 ] The hydrogen-fuel internal combustion engine: a
technical review

F. Ma, M. Wang, L. Jiang, J. Deng, R. Chen, N. Naeve [ 3 ] Performance and emission

characteristics of a turbocharged spark-ignition hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas engine
under wide open throttle operating conditions
Thank you!!