MORFOLOGI, STRUKTUR DAN

KLASIFIKASI BAKTERI

Prof. Dr. MOCHAMMAD HATTA, SpMK, Ph.D.

BAGIAN MIKROBIOLOGI, FAKULTAS
KEDOKTERAN, UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN
MAKASSAR

Mochammad Hatta (2006)

 Structure Bacteria

FLAGELLA

FIMBRIAE
CAPSULE

CELL WALL

PLASMA
MEMBRANE
CYTOPLASMA
NUCLEAR BODY
CONTAINING DNA

Mochammad Hatta (2006)

NUCLEAR BODIES
• STAINING AND UNSTAINING - SAME BY USUAL METHODS
• REACT POSITIVE TO “FEULGEN TEST” FOR DNA
• GENETIC FUNCTIONS -- GENE EXPRESSIONS

CYTOPLASMA
• NUMEROUS SMALL GRANULES CALLED “RIBOSOMES’
• DIAMETER OF RIBOSOMES IS 10 - 30 uM
• SOME BACTERIA CONTAINING INCLUSION GRANULES
• CELL METABOLISM FUNCTIONS ---- NUTRIENT RESERVE ----
UNDER CONDITIONS OF ENERGY-SOURCE STARVATION
• VOLUTIN GRANULES (SYN. METACHROMATIC OR BABES
ERNEST GRANULES) -- CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTERIAE
• SPECIAL METHODS FOR STAINING -- “NEISSER” STAINING

Mochammad Hatta (2006)

CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE
• CONSIST MAINLY LIPO-PROTEIN --- 5- 10 uM THICK
• EXAMINED BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPE -ULTRATHIN
SECTION
• CONTAIN RESPIRATORY ENZYMES & PIGMENTS
(CYTOCHROME SYSTEM)

• ENZYME OF TRICARBOCYLIC CYCLE & POLYMERASE ENZYME

CELL WALL
• 10 - 25 uM THICK --- 1 um DIAMETER --- < 10.000 MOLECULAR
WEIGHT
• LYSIS BACTERIA --- LETHAL DISINTEGRATION & DISSOLUTION
• PLAYS AN IMPORTANT PART IN BACTERIAL DIVISION
• BASAL COMPONENTS ; MUCOPEPTIDE, TEICHOIC ACID, LPS
(ENDOTOXIN)

Mochammad Hatta (2006)

CAPSULES
• SOLID MATERIAL : POLYSACCHARIDE, POLYPEPTIDE, PROTEIN
• DEMONTRATION BY “NEGATIVE STAINING” --- INDIA INK
• ENTEROBACTERIACEAE : CAPSULAR ANTIGEN (K ANTIGEN)
• FUNCTION : PROTECTIVE AGAINST BACTERIOPHAGES, COLICINES,
LYSOZYME, LYTIC ENZYMES

FLAGELLA
• ACT AS ORGAN LOCOMOTION (MOTILITY)
• 0.02 uM THICK --- 1- 20 FLAGELLA/ BACTERIA -- PERITRICHOUS,
LATERAL, POLAR
• FLAGELLINE ANTIGEN (SALMONELLA TYPHI) -- Vi ANTIGEN

FIMBRIAE
• CERTAIN GRAM NEGATIIVE BACILLI --- ENTEROBCTERIACEAE
• FUNCTION AS ORGANS OF ADHESION

Mochammad Hatta (2006)

 GROWTH OF BACTERIA

STATIONER PHASE
TOTAL BACTERIA

LOG OF COUNT
DECLINE PHASE

LOG PHASE VIABLE BACTERIA

LAG PHASE

TIME

Mochammad Hatta (2006)

 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

• CLASS SCHIZOMYCETES :
1. ORDER PSEUDOMONADALES : FAMILY PSEUDOMONADACEAE
--- GENERA PSEUDOMONAS -- SPECIES P.AERUGINOSA

2. ORDER EUBACTERIALES : FAMILY ENTEROBACTERIACEAE

--- GENERA SALMONELLA -- SPECIES S. TYPHOSA

3. ORDER ACTINOMYCETALES : FAMILY MYCOBACTERIACEAE

--- GENERA MYCOBACTERIUM -- SPECIES M. TUBERCULOSIS

4. ORDER SPIROCHAETALES : FAMILY SPIROCHAETES

--- GENERA LEPTOSPIRA --- SPECIES L. ICTEROHAEMORRHAGIAE

Mochammad Hatta (2006)

 5. ORDER MYCOPLASMATALES : FAMILY MYCOPLASMATALES
--- GENERA MYCOPLASMA --- SPECIES M. MYCOIDES

• CLASS MICROTATOBIOTES
1. ORDER RICKETTSIALES : FAMILY RICKETTSIALES
--- GENERA RICKETTSIA -- SPECIES R. PROWAZEKII
2. ORDER VIRALES

Mochammad Hatta (2006)

 THE CARBON SOURCE FOR GROWTH
-- CHEMO-SYNTHETIC AUTOTROPS OR PHOTOSYNTHETIC
AUTOTROPS
 THE NITROGEN SOURCE OF GROWTH
-- AMINO ACIDS AND NUCLEOTIDES

 THE REQUIREMENTS FOR GROWTH FACTORS

-- THIAMINE, RIBOFLAVIN, NICOTINIC ACID, PYRIDOXINE,
FOLIC ACID, BIOTIN, ETC

INORGANIC SALTS FOR GROWTH

-- POTASSIUM, MAGNESIUM, SODIUM, IRON AND CALCIUM

Mochammad Hatta (2006)

• ESCHERICHIA COLI CAN GROW ON A ‘ SIMPLE SYNTHETIC
MEDIUM’ WHICH CONTAINS ONLY GLUCOSE ( CARBON AND
ENERGY SOURCE ), AMMONIUM SULPHATE ( NITROGEN AND
SULPHUR SOURCE ) PHOSPHATE BUFFER, POTASSIUM CHLORIDE,
MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE AND TRACES OF OTHER INORGANIC
SALTS.

THE PHYSICAL CONDITIONS REQUIRED FOR GROWTH

• THE INFLUENCE OF OXYGEN AND REDOX POTENTIAL
THE MAJORITY OF BACTERIA ARE DESCRIBED AS
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBS.

Mochammad Hatta (2006)

 SOME BACTERIA, HOWEVER, REQUIRED A MUCH HIGGER
CONCENTRATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE ( 5 - 10 % ).

• THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE

1. ON GROWTH --- THESE, AND MANY SAPROPHYTES OF SOIL
AND WATER , WHICH GROW BEST AT BETWEEN 25 o AND 40 o
CELCIUS.
2. ON VIABILITY --- THE THERMAL DEATH POINT OF A
PARTICULAR ORGANISM MAY BE DEFINED AS THE
LOWEST TEMPERATURE THAT KILL IT UNDER
STANDARD CONDITIONS, WITHIN A GIVEN TIME,
e.g. TEN MINUTES.
( e.g. ABOUT 105 o C . FOR CL. TETANI AND 115 o C. FOR CL.
BOTULINUM )

Mochammad Hatta (2006)

Mochammad Hatta (2006)
 METABOLIC FUNCTIONS OF THE VITAMIN B GROUP

B VITAMIN ORGANISM REQUIRING

• THIAMINE STAPH. AUREUS

• NICOTINIC ACID L. ARABINOSUS
• RIBOFLAVIN L. CASEI
• PYRIDOXAL CL. WELCHII
• PANTHOTHENIC ACID BRUCELLA ABORTUS
• P AMINOBENZOIC ACID CL. ACETOBULYTICUM
• FOLIC ACID CL. TETANI
• BIOTIN CL. TETANI
• VITAMIN B 12 L. LACTIS

Mochammad Hatta (2006)

1. Fermentasi asam homolaktat (beberapa streptococcus dan
lactobacillus
NADH NAD
asam piruvat asam laktat
2. Fermentasi beralkohol (khamir)
NADH NAD
Asam piruvat asetildehide etil alkohol
CO2
3. Fermentasi asam campuran (E.coli dan beberapa bakteri saluran
pencernaan yang lain
NADH NAD
Asam piruvat Asam laktat
CO2
Asetil oksalat Asetil-CoA + Asam format
NADH NADH
NAD NAD
Asam suksinat EtilMochammad
alkoholHatta (2006)Asam asetat H2 + CO2
4. Fermentasi glikol-butelin (Enterobacter, Bacillus, Pseudomonas)
Fermentasi ini menghasilkan sejumlah kecil produk akhir yang
sama dengan fermentasi campuran asam, tetapi sebagai
tambahan, sebagian besar asam piruvat diubah menjadi 2,3-glikol
butilen seperti terlihat di bawah.

2CH2COCOOH CH2COHCOOH + CO2

Asam piruvat C O
CH3
Asam asetolaktat

NAD NADH CO2

CH3CHOHCHOHCH3 CH3CHOHCOCH3
2,3-Glikol butilen Mochammad Hatta (2006)
Asetoin
5. Fermentasi asam propionat (Propionibacterium dan
Veillonella
3-Asam piruvat Asam asetat +CO2

2-Asam oksaloasetat

2CO2
(terikat enzim) 2- Asam suksinat

2-Propionil-CoA CoA

2-Asam propionat 2-Suksinil-CoA

2- Metil malonil-CoA
Mochammad Hatta (2006)
6. Asam butirat, butanol, fermentasi aseton (Clostridium)
4CO2
4-Asam piruvat 4-Asetil-CoA Asam asetat
NADH
CO2 NAD
Aseton 2-Asetoasetil-CoA Etil alkohol
NADH
NAD
Isopropil alkohol 2-Krotonil-CoA
NADH
NAD
2-Butiril-CoA
NADH
NAD
Asam butirat
Mochammad Butanol
Hatta (2006)
 SUMBER
KELOMPOK SUMBER ENERGI
KARBON
Oksidasi senyawa
Kemoheterotrof Organik
organik
Oksidasi senyawa
anorganik :
Kemoautotrof seperti Amoniak, CO2
sulfida dan seyawa
besi

Fotoheterotrof Cahaya Organik

Fotoautotrof Cahaya CO2

Mochammad Hatta (2006)
 Transport elektron dan fosforilasi oksidatif
berdasarkan model kemiosmosis Mitchell.
Membran bakteri NADH + H+
NADH dehidrogenase
H
H+ H+
CoQ e

H+ CoQ-H CoQ-H H+

H+ CoQ-H2 H+
FeS
sit c O2 + H+
e
sit a a3
H 2O
ADP ATPase
Saluran protein
2H+ +
Mochammad HattaPi
(2006) ATP
 Fotosintesis tumbuhan hijau

NADP
Freedoksin NADPH

Sitokrom b
ADP
e-
ATP
Sitokrom f e- Sitokrom e- Quinom

ADP e H2O 2e- + H+ +1/2O2

ATP
Cahaya Klorofil Cahaya Klorofil
Fotosistem I Fotosistem II

Mochammad Hatta (2006)

 Pembentukan ATP dan NADH ole Nitrosomonas yang
autotrof

2NH4+ + 3O2 2NO2 - + 2H2O + 4H+ + 4e-

ATP ADP ATP ADP
2e + Cyt a1 Cit C Cit b Flavoprotein
ATP
Cyt a3
NADP + H+ ADP
ADP
ATP
H2O NADPH
Menghasilkan Memerlukan energi
energi
Mochammad Hatta (2006)
 Jalur Embden-Meyerhof untuk disimilasi glukosa
Glukosa (enam karbon)
ATP
ADP
Glukosa 6-fosfat

Fruktosa 6-fosfat
ATP
ADP
Fruktosa 1,6-difosfat
Dihidroksiaseton Gliserildehide 3-fosfat (tiga karbon)
fosfat 2NAD
penerima H terkahir 2NADH
(2) 1,3-Asam difosfogliserin
2 ADP
2 ATP
(2) 3-Asam fosfogliserin

(2) 2-Asam fosfogliserin

H2O
(2) Asam fosfoenolpiruvat
2 ADP
2 ATP
(2) Asam piruvat

Mochammad Hatta (2006) Produk akhir

 Ikatan Peptida mengkaitkan asam amino menjadi satu untuk
membentuk protein besar

CH3CHCOOH + CH2 CH COOH

NH2 OH NH2
Alanin serin

CH3CHCOOH + H2O

NH
ikatan peptida
C O

CH NH2

CH2OH
Dipeptida
alanin dan serin
Mochammad Hatta (2006)
CH2 OOC4H7
lipase
CH OOC4H7 + 3H2O

CH2 OOC4H7
tributrin

CH2OH

CHOH + 3CH3(CH2) 2COOH

CH2OH asam butirat

Gliserol yang dibebeskan kemudian dapat dimetabolisme

melalui jalur Embden- Meyerhof, dan asam lemaknya dapat
diuraiakan memlaui asetat pada daur asam citrat.

Mochammad Hatta (2006)

Thiobacillus (oksidasi belerang)
2S + 3O2 + 2H2O 2H2SO4

Nitrosomonas (oksidasi amoniak)

2NH4Cl + 3O2 2HNO2 + 2HCl + 2H2O

Nitrobacter (oksidasi nitrit)

2NaNO3 + O2 2NaNO3

Berbagai marga (oksidasi hidrogen)

2H2 + O2 2H2O

Siderocapsa (oksidasi senyawa-senyawa besi)

4FeCO3 + O2 + 6H2O 4Fe(OH) 3 + 4CO2
Mochammad Hatta (2006)
 CH3 CoA CH3
Metabolisme karbohisrat C O C O + CO2
CH3 S CoA
Asam piruvat Asetil CoA

COOH COOH
COOH CH2 CH2
C O HO C COOH C COOH
CH2 CH2 CH
COOH COOH COOH
Asam oksaloasetat Asam sitrat Asam cis-akonitat

NADH + H2O
NAD
COOH COOH
HCOH CH2
CH2 HC COOH
COOH HOCH
COOH
Asam malat Asam isositrat
Mochammad Hatta (2006)
Asam Malat Asam isositrat
NAD
CO2
NADH
ADP ATP
COOH
COOH COOH COOH
FADH2 FAD GTP GDP CoA CH 2
CH CH2 CH2
CH2
CH CH2 CH2 CO2
CoA NADH NAD C 0
COOH COOH CO SCoA
COOH

Asam fumarat Asam suksinat Suksinil-CoA Asam -keto-

glutamat

Mochammad Hatta (2006)

 MICROBIAL VIRULENCE
• LOSS OF VIRULENCE : WHEN KEPT IN ARTIFICIAL MEDIUM
--- MEASUREMENT OF VIRULENCE CONSISTS OF TESTING FOR
ABILITY TO INFECT, WITH OBSERVABLE CONSEQUENCES,
“NORMAL” ANIMALS SUCH AS A STANDARD STRAIN MICE

• THE ED50 : THE POINT ON DOSE SCALE AT WHICH THIS LINE

INTERSECT THE 50 PERCENT POINT IN THE CUMULATIVE EFFECT
IN HALF THE ANIMALS INOCULATED WITH BACTERIA.

• TEST VIRULENCE : TO KNOW TOXIN EFFECT FROM INFECTION

OF CORYBACTERIUM DIPTHERIAE

Mochammad Hatta (2006)

 Untuk mengetahui strain toxigenik
(menghasilkan toksin) dan non-toxigenik
(tidak menghasilkan toksin).
 Tes ELEK (invitro) :
- Kertas saring direndam antitoksin dalam
agar --- Diatas ditanam basil difteri –
inkubasi 24 jam.
- Hasil : (+) hasilkan toksin : tampak garis
presipitasi.
(-) tidak hasilkan toksin : tidak ada
garis presipitasi.
Mochammad Hatta (2006)
 4 hari
Tetap hidup
250 ug antitoksin
(s.c.)
2 jam Basil difteri pasien (s.c.)

Marmot Mati
4 hari
Kesimpulan :
Basil difteri penderita mengandung toksin

Mochammad Hatta (2006)

 Biakan
Lihat dibawah mikroskop
18 jam
* jaringan mati :
Jaringan dalam medium basil menghasilkan
RPMI 1640 + HBSS + PBS toksin
( Complete medium) * jaringan hidup :
Basil tidak menghasil
kan toksin
Masukkan basil difteri
pasien

Mochammad Hatta (2006)

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