Load Calculation and

Voltage Drop
Calculation
Load Calculation
Fundamental Principles
PEC
PEC 1.3.2.1 (f)
Branch Circuit

Generally for the branch circuit, PEC 2.10 can be used as

guide. The circuit’s rating is based on the ampacity of the
cable or the Over Current Protective Device (OCPD) rating as
regarded in PEC 2.10.1.3. As a fundamental guide, PEC
2.10.2.1 (a) suggests that the ampacity should be based on
100% non-continuous loads plus 125% of continuous loads.
8
28b
24
8
16
16
24
4
16
16

16
12
28b
16
24
24
2

8
4
2
Feeder Protection = Highest Motor Protection + FLC of Other
Voltage Drop
Calculation
 Voltage Drop (Using Per Unit
Calculation)
Establishment of Single Line
Diagram with Per Unit (pu)
Impedance Calculations
 Single Line Diagram

To be discussed
in Sample
Computation
 1 pu 1 pu

Genset Cable

Tie Connection ZG1 = ZG2 = ZUM = ZUK =

Tie Connection
ZG1-S = ZG2-S =
ZUM-A1 = ZUK-A2 =

ZA1 = ZA2 =

ZS-L1 = ZS-L3 = ZS-L2 = ZS-L4 =

ZA1-M1 = ZA2-M2 =

MVSG1 MVSG2
CB CB

ZM1-F1 = ZM1-F3 = ZM2-F2 = ZM2-F4 =

Feeder1 Feeder3 Feeder2 Feeder4

CB CB CB CB

ZF1-T1 = ZF3-T3 = ZF2-T2 = ZF4-T4 =

ZT1 = ZT3 = ZT2 = ZT4 =

ZT1-L1 = ZT3-L3 = ZT2-L2 = ZT4-L4 =

LVSG1 LVSG3 LVSG2 LVSG4

CB CB CB CB

ZL1 = ZL3 = ZL2 = ZL4 =

Sample for Marikina
1 pu

ZU M =

ZU M-A1 =

ZA1 =

ZA1-M1 =

MVSG1
CB

ZM1-F1 = ZM1-F3 =

Feeder1 Feeder3
CB CB

ZF1-T1 = ZF3-T3 =

ZT1 = ZT3 =

ZT1-L1 = ZT3-L3 =

LVSG1 LVSG3
CB CB

ZL1 = ZL3 =
Sample Per Unit (pu) Impedances Calculations
Impedances Base Values LV HV

1 Utility SB 4000000 4000000

Chosen Bases
2 Cable VB 480 34500

3 Transformer & AVR ZB = VB2 0.0576 297.5625 Solved Bases

4 Bus Duct SB

5 Load IB = SB 4811.25 66.93916 Solved Bases

√3 x VB

Utility Marikina Kamuning

SF = SB Zpu = SB Zpu = SB

Zpu SF SF

Zpu = SB Zpu = 4000000 Zpu = 4000000

SF From Meralco 3.2E+08 From Meralco 2.86E+08

Zpu = 0.01262 Zpu = 0.013986
 R L ω Z

Ω/km H/km Ω/km Ω/km

60mm2 0.342 0.000482 0.1817097 0.38728

From Table From Table
100mm2 0.247 0.000458 0.1726619 0.30137

Cable 100mm2, Utility to AVR

Zactual = Z per km x 1 km / 1000 m length in m

# of sets

Zactual = 0.3013655 0.001 50 Estimated at Site

1

Zactual = 0.0150683

Zpu = Zactual

ZB

Zpu = 0.0150683

297.5625

Zpu = 5.064E-05
Bus Duct

Zpu = Zactual

ZB

Zactual = Z mili ohm per 100m x 10-3 ohm per mili ohm x 1 / 100 x length in m

Zactual = From Table1.8 0.001 0.01 2

Estimated at Site

Zactual = 0.000036

Zpu = 0.000036

0.0576

Zpu = 0.0003125 0.000625

Transformer

Zpu(new) = Zpu(old) x SB(new)

SB(old)

From Nameplate
Zpu(new) = 0.062 4000000

4000000

Zpu(new) = 0.062
AVR (Autotransformer)
Conversion from Two-winding to Autotransformer
For Step-Up Auto
Zpu(auto) = Zpu(two-wind)
a+1
a= 10 From Nameplate

Zpu(auto) = Zpu(two-wind)
a+1
Zpu(auto) = 0.06 From Nameplate
11
Zpu(auto) = 0.0054545

S(auto) = S(two-wind) x a+1

1000000 11
S(auto) = 11000000
Zpu(new) = Zpu(old) x SB(new)
SB(old)
Zpu(new) = 0.0054545 4000000
11000000
Zpu(new) = 0.0019835
Load (LVSG)

Zpu = Zactual

ZB

Zactual = Vphase

Iphase

Zactual = 277.12813

2400
From Client’s Load
Data
Zactual = 0.1154701

Zpu = 0.1154701

0.0576

Zpu = 2.0046884
Table 3.2.1-1 Summary of Table 3.2.1-2 Summary of Impedances For
Impedances For Marikina Circuit Kamuning Circuit
1 ZUM 0.012618297 1 ZUK 0.013986014
2 ZUM-A1 5.0639E-05 2 ZUK-A2 5.0639E-05
3 ZA1 0.001983471 3 ZA2 0.001983471
4 ZA1-M1 1.01278E-05 4 ZA2-M2 1.01278E-05
5 ZM1-F1 1.04119E-05 5 ZM2-F2 1.04119E-05
6 ZM1-F3 2.08239E-05 6 ZM2-F4 2.08239E-05
7 ZF1-T1 5.20597E-06 7 ZF2-T2 5.20597E-06
8 ZF3-T3 5.20597E-06 8 ZF4-T4 5.20597E-06
9 ZT1 0.062 9 ZT2 0.062

10 ZT3 0.062 10 ZT4 0.062

11 ZT1-L1 0.0003125 11 ZT2-L2 0.0003125

12 ZT3-L3 0.0003125 12 ZT4-L4 0.0003125

13 ZL1 2.004688435 13 ZL2 2.004688435

14 ZL3 2.004688435 14 ZL4 2.004688435

Table 3.2.1-3 Summary of Impedances
For Emergency Circuit

1 ZG1 0.16512

2 ZG2 0.16512

3 ZG1-S 0.003283943

4 ZG2-S 0.003283943

5 ZS-L1 0.004269126

6 ZS-L2 0.004269126

7 ZS-L3 0.007115209

8 ZS-L4 0.007115209
Fig 3.2.1-1 Overall Impedance
Diagram for Voltage Drop
1 pu

ZUM =
ZS3 ZT

ZUM-A1 =

ZA1 =

ZA1-M1 =

IT
MVSG1
CB

ZM1-F1 = ZM1-F3 =

Feeder1 Feeder3
CB CB
ZP
ZF1-T1 = ZF3-T3 =

ZS1 ZS2
ZT1 = ZT3 =

ZT1-L1 = ZT3-L3 =

LVSG1 LVSG3
CB CB
I1 I2
ZL1 = ZL3 =
 ZS1 = ZM1-F1 ZF1-T1 ZT1 ZT1-L1 ZL1
= 1.0412E-05 5.21E-06 0.062 0.00031 2.00469
= 2.06701655

ZS2 = ZM1-F3 ZF3-T3 ZT3 ZT3-L3 ZL3

= 2.0824E-05 5.21E-06 0.062 0.00031 2.00469
= 2.06702696

ZS3 = ZUM ZUM-A1 ZA1 ZA1-M1

= 0.0126183 5.06E-05 0.00198 1E-05
= 0.01466253

PARALLEL
ZP = ZS1 ZS2
ZS1 + ZS2
ZP = 2.067 2.06702696
2.067 2.06702696
ZP = 1.034

ZT = ZP ZS3
= 1.03351088 0.014663
= 1.04817341
 IT = 1
ZT
IT = 1
1.04817341
IT = 0.95404061

By Current Divider Rule

I1 = IT ZS2
ZS1 + ZS2
I1 = 0.954 2.06702696
2.067 2.06702696
I1 = 0.477

V pu
VL1 = I1 ZL1
= 0.4770215 2.004688
= 0.95627949 pu

V actual
VL1 = V pu V base
= 0.95627949 480
= 459.014157

%VD = 1- V pu x 100%
= 1 0.956279 x 100%
= 4.37%
Summary

From To V pu V base V actual % VD

Utility MVSG1 9.827E-01 34500 33903.15 1.730%

Utility MVSG F1 9.827E-01 34500 33903.15 1.730%

Utility MVSG F3 9.827E-01 34500 33903.15 1.730%

Utility LVSG 1 9.531E-01 480 457.488 4.690%

Utility LVSG 3 9.530E-01 480 457.44 4.700%

From To V pu V base V actual % VD

Utility MVSG2 9.814E-01 34500 33858.3 1.860%

Utility MVSG F2 9.814E-01 34500 33858.3 1.860%

Utility MVSG F4 9.814E-01 34500 33858.3 1.860%

Utility LVSG 2 9.518E-01 480 456.864 4.820%

Utility LVSG 4 9.518E-01 480 456.864 4.820%

 Thank you!

Engr. Mark Christian P. Plaza, PEE

MCPP MULTIDISCIPLINE CONSTRUCTION AND PROJECT PROFICIENCY
“Managers Consultants Professional Partners”