FM-II, L # 05

‫السالم عليكم و رحمة هللا و بركات‬

Fluid Mechanics-II

Complied by
Prof: Abdul Samad
Mechanical Engineering department.
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Velocity triangles at inlet and outlet of
typical Francis turbine vane.

There are three types of velocity

triangles for. inlet and outlet in
Francis turbine. Triangles are made
for slow runner, medium runner and
fast runner.
Velocity triangles
Fig. Slow runner
Fig. Medium Runner
Fig. Fast Runner
The Francis Turbine
Parts of A Francis
Turbine
 Scroll casing
• Scroll casing provides the limited area
around the runner to maintain the constant
velocity of water flow around the runner
The material of scroll casing may be cost
steel, cast iron, concrete or concrete and
steel.
Kaplan turbine is an axial flow reaction turbine the
water flows through the runner of the turbine in an
axial direction and the energy at the inlet of the
turbine is the sum of kinetic and pressure energy .
In an axial flow reaction turbine the shaft is vertical.
The lower end of the shaft is larger and is known as
‘hub’ or ‘boss’. It is on this hub that the vanes are
attached. If the vanes are adjustable then it is known
as kaplan Turbine and if the vanes are non
adjustable then it is known as Propeller Turbine.

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 Guide mechanism of

• It consists of a stationary circular wheel all round

the runner of the turbine. The stationary guide
vanes are fixed on guide mechanism The guide
vanes allow the water to strike the vanes fixed
on the runner without shock at inlet. The width
between two adjacent vanes of guide
mechanism can be altered so that the amount of
water striking the runner can be varied.
•
 Runner inlet
(Φ 0.870m)

Guide vane outlet for designα)

(Φ 0.913m)

Closed
Max. Opening
Position

Guide vanes
 Operation of Guide Vanes

.
Guide vane at Design Guide vane at closed position
Position = 12.21°

Guide vane at Max. open

Position = 18°
 Water particle

Water from
spiral casing

R a d i a l v i e w
R guide
runner a d ivanes
a l v i stay
and e wvanes
runner guide vanes and stay vanes
Parts of A Francis Turbine
 Kaplan Turbine
•Kaplan turbine is best suited where large
quantity of low head water is available.

•The main parts of a kaplan Turbine are:

1.Spiral Casing
2.Guide vane Mechanism
3.Hub with Vanes
4.Draft Tube

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 VANES
SHAFT

HUBB OR
BOSS

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• The water enters the turbine through the guide
vanes which are aligned such as to give the flow a
suitable degree of swirl. The flow from guide
vanes pass through the curved passage which
forces the radial flow to axial direction.
• The axial flow of water with a component of swirl
applies force on the blades of the rotor and looses
its momentum, both linear and angular, producing
torque and rotation (their product is power) in the
shaft. The scheme for production of
hydroelectricity by Kaplan Turbine is same as that
for Francis Turbine.

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The draft tube is a pipe of gradually increasing
area which connects the outlet of the runner with
the tailrace. One end of the draft tube is connected
to the outlet of the runner while the other end is
submerged below the level of water in the tail race.
It creates a negative head at the outlet of the
runner thereby increasing the net head on the
turbine.
It converts a large proportion of rejected kinetic
energy into useful pressure energy

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• Following are the important types of draft
tubes which are commonly used.
• 1. Conical draft tubes
• 2. Simple elbow tubes
• 3. Moody spreading tubes
• 4. Elbow with circular inlet and rectangular
outlet.
 What is SURGE TANK?
• It is a water storage device used as
pressure neutralizer in hydropower water
conveyance system to resists excess
pressure rise and press. Surge tanks are
installed on large pipelines to relieve
excess pressure caused by water hammer
and to provide a supply of water to reduce
negative pressure if a valve is suddenly
opened.
A surge is a stand pipe or storage reservoir at the
downstream end of a closed aqueduct, feeder,
dam, barrage pipe to absorb sudden rises of
pressure, as well as to quickly provide extra water
during a brief drop in pressure.
In hydroelectric power uses, a surge tank is an
additional storage space or reservoir fitted
between the main storage reservoir and the
power house (as close to the power house as
possible). Surge tanks are usually provided in
high or medium-head plants when there is a
considerable distance between the water source
and the power unit, necessitating a
The main functions of the surge tank are:
1. When the load decreases, the water moves
backwards and gets stored in it.
2. When the load increases, additional supply of
water will be provided by surge tank.
Key words:
In short, the surge tank mitigates pressure variations
due to rapid changes in velocity of water.
 PROBLEM
The runner of a reaction turbine running at 200 rpm has internal
and external diameters are 0.5 m and 1 m respectively. The flow
is inward with an inlet guide angle of 10o to the tangent of the
wheel . The discharge at outlet is radial. The flow velocity at inlet
and out let is the same and is 2 m/s . The width of the turbine at
inlet is 0.25 m. Find the runner blade angle and the width of
runner at outlet. Also estimate the power developed by the runner
and hydraulic efficiency at the provided head of 12.13 m.
Data:
N =200rpm ,D1 =1m , D2 =0.5m,
α= 10o,β =90o
Vf = Vf =2m/s ,
1 2
B1 = 0.25 m