General

Transformers_5

Chapter # 2
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Dr. Fida Muhammad
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Dr. Fida Muhammad
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 Transformer
Porcelain transformer bushing
Bushing

Steel
Iron core tank
behind the steel
bar

Winding

Insulation

Radiator

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Oil Insulated and cooled transformer
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 Transformers

High voltage
bushing

Low voltage
Oil tank bushing
Large Oil cooled
high voltage
transformer

Cooling
radiators

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Dr. Fida Muhammad
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 Magnetic Launchers

• Coilguns/Railguns
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Dr. Fida Muhammad
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 Before passing over the record head, a tape in a recorder
passes over the erase head which applies a high amplitude,
high frequency AC magnetic field to the tape to erase any
previously recorded signal and to thoroughly randomize the
magnetization of the magnetic emulsion. Typically, the tape
passes over the erase head immediately before passing
over the record head.

The gap in the erase head is wider than those in the record
head; the tape stays in the field of the head longer to
thoroughly erase any previously recorded signal.

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 Biasing
A magnetic "image" of a
High fidelity tape
sound signal can be stored on
recording requires a
tape in the form of magnetized
high frequency
iron oxide or chromium
biasing signal to be
dioxide granules in a magnetic
applied to the tape
emulsion. The tiny granules
head along with the
are fixed on a polyester film
signal to "stir" the
base, but the direction and
magnetization of the
extent of their magnetization
tape and make sure
can be changed to record an
each part of the signal
input signal from a tape head.
has the same
magnetic starting
conditions for
recording. This is
because magnetic
tapes are very
sensitive to their
previous magnetic
history, a property
called hysteresis
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When a magnetized tape passes under the playback Tape Playback
head of a tape recorder, the ferromagnetic material in
the tape head is magnetized and that magnetic field
penetrates a coil of wire which is wrapped around it.
Any change in magnetic field induces a voltage in the
coil according to Faraday's law. This induced voltage
forms an electrical image of the signal which is
recorded on the tape.

Problem: The magnetization of the magnetic emulsion

is proportional to the recorded signal while the
induced voltage in the coil is proportional to the rate
at which the magnetization in the coil changes. This
means that for a signal with twice the frequency, the
output signal is twice as great for the same degree of
magnetization of the tape. It is therefore necessary to
compensate for this increase in signal to keep high
frequencies from being boosted by a factor of two for
each octave increase in pitch. This compensation
process
Dr. Fidais called equalization.
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Dr. Fida Muhammad
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 Transformers

Dry-type
three-phase
transformer

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Dr. Fida Muhammad
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 Transformer
A transformer is a device made of two or more inductors, one of which is powered by
AC, inducing an AC voltage across the second inductor. If the second inductor is
connected to a load, power will be electromagnetically coupled from the first inductor's
power source to that load.

Pp=VpIp Equal To Ps=VsIs

Ideal Transformer: No P1=11 Equal To P2=22

losses (Efficiency = 100%)
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Dr. Fida Muhammad
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 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
Load resistance = Thevenin/Norton resistance of the network supplying the power

Audio amplifier system and see how it works:

If Z (internal) = 500  and Z (speaker) = 8  directly connected

Impedance Mismatched would result in very poor (low power) performance, result in
heating up the amplifier
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 What do we do now? Use a transformer to match these impedances.

If Z (internal)= 500  and Z (speaker)=500 

then amplifier can deliver full power to a load (speaker)

Speaker will drop high voltage and less current then 8  speaker by dissipating same
amount power

How we make it to match the Impedance?

Since we're going from a high impedance (high voltage, low current) supply to a low
impedance (low voltage, high current) load, we'll need to use a step-down transformer:

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Dr. Fida Muhammad
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Dr. Fida Muhammad
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 Coilguns & Railguns

• Two types of launchers are being developed for

a variety of purposes.
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Using a stereo system as a practical example, a capacitor connected in series with the
tweeter (treble) speaker will serve as a high-pass filter, imposing a high impedance to
low-frequency bass signals, thereby preventing that power from being wasted on a
speaker inefficient for reproducing such sounds. In like fashion, an inductor connected in
series with the woofer (bass) speaker will serve as a low-pass filter for the low
frequencies that particular speaker is designed to reproduce. In this simple example
circuit, the midrange speaker is subjected to the full spectrum of frequencies from the
stereo's output. More elaborate filter networks are sometimes used, but this should give
you the general idea. Also bear in mind that I'm only showing you one channel (either left
or right) on this stereo system. A real stereo would have six speakers: 2 woofers, 2
midranges, and 2 tweeters. For better performance yet, we might like to have some kind
of filter circuit capable of passing frequencies that are between low (bass) and high
(treble) to the midrange speaker so that none of the low- or high-frequency signal power
is wasted on a speaker incapable of efficiently reproducing those sounds. What we
would be looking for is called a band-pass filter, which is the topic of the next section.

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The excitation voltage is in the range of 0.5 to 10 VAC at a frequency of 1 to 200 Khz. A
ferrite core is suitable at these frequencies. It is extended outside the body by an non-
magnetic rod. As the core is moved toward the top winding, the voltage across this coil
increases due to increased coupling, while the voltage on the bottom coil decreases. If
the core is moved toward the bottom winding, the voltage on this coil increases as the
voltge decreases across the top coil. Theoretically, a centered slug yields equal voltages
across both coils. In practice leakage inductance prevents the null from dropping all the
way to 0 V. With a centered slug, the series-opposing wired secondary cancel yielding
V13 = 0. Moving the slug up increases V13. Note that it is in phase with V1, the top
winding, and 180o out of phase with V2, bottom winding. Moving the slug down from the
center position increases V13. However, it is 180o out of phase with V1, the top winding,
and in phase with V2, bottom winding. Moving the slug from top to bottom shows a
minimum at the center point, with a 180o phase reversal in passing the center.

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 http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/ferro.html#c5

Ferromagnetism
Iron, nickel, cobalt and some of the rare earths (gadolinium, dysprosium) exhibit a
unique magnetic behavior which is called ferromagnetism because iron (ferrum in Latin)
is the most common and most dramatic example. Samarium and neodymium in alloys
with cobalt have been used to fabricate very strong rare-earth magnets.

More see above address

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