Modulo6 - Mobility Fundamentals Series Troubleshooting WLAN

Mobility Series
Module 6 – Wireless LAN Troubleshooting
William H. Wolfe II
Cisco Certified Networking Academy Instructor Trainer
© 2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 2
1. Overview of WLAN Troubleshooting
2. Dealing with Wireless Interference

 Understanding Types of Interference
 Using Tools to Detect and Manage
Interference
3. Troubleshooting WLAN Connectivity

 Troubleshooting Client Connectivity
 Troubleshooting AP Connectivity
4. Conclusion/Remarks/Resources
• Without careful Preparation, Planning and Design WLANs can fail to perform optimally
• WLAN failures generally are a result of the following:
• Attenuation within the environment
• Interference
• Misplaced Access Points
• Incorrect Antenna choice
• Wireless Client Supplicant or Driver issues
• Use of tools to assist with WLAN Design and Troubleshooting

• WLAN environment can change over time requiring re-assessment and remediation
• Troubleshooting 101 Problem
Clearly define the problem Definition
Understand any possible triggers
Know the expected behavior
Reproducibility
Questions
Do not jump into conclusions
Tests
Analysis
Solution(s)
6
Microwave Ovens Wireless Video Radar
Cameras
Outdoor
Motion Detectors Microwave Links
Wireless
Headphones
Fluorescent Lights Wireless

Game Controller
802.11 a or g 802.11 b
OFDM DSSS
20 MHz 20 MHz
Duty Cycle Higher in
Part of Band
Loud Moving Signal

Seen at Max
Drifts in Frequency
See More Hops in Max Hold
See Hops in Max
Duty
Cycle
Spread
Across
Band
Speckled Pattern
in Spectrogram
Duty Cycle
Fairly Low and
Spread Across
Band
Pulses Increase
in Max
Speckled Appearance
in Swept =
Frequency Hopper
• When RF travels through transparent matter, some of the waves are
altered. Therefore, the velocity of 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz microwaves also
changes, as the waves travel through matter. However, the amount of
alteration depends heavily on the frequency of the waves and the matter.
• Some of the phenomena that can affect WLAN radio waves as they travel
through matter include refraction, reflection, diffraction, scattering, and
multipath.
 Wave Propagation  Diffraction
 Absorption  Multipath
 Reflection  Loss
 Scattering  Free Space Path Loss
 Refraction  Gain
RF waves can be affected much like other waves in the air, such as light or sound.
Relating to RF waves as light or sound waves helps to understand some of these
behaviors.
• The movement or motion of RF waves as they
pass through the medium (the air)
• May be impeded or completely stopped by
materials in the path of the signal
• Weakening of the RF signal
• Also called Attenuation
• Can be caused by several things
Passing through various mediums
Cable
Impedance mismatch
Lightning arrestors
Connectors
Signal attenuators
• As the wave spreads away from the emitter, it gets weaker.
• The quantity of energy declines as the distance increases; the quantity of
energy available on each point of the circle is less as the circle is larger,
and the receiver catches only part of this energy.
• Determining a range is determining the energy loss depending on the distance.
 Absorption takes energy from the wave.
 This energy is dissipated as heat in the obstacle.
 When 100% of the energy is taken, the wave stops.
 The effect of absorption is to reduce amplitude.
 The signal is therefore less powerful, but the same wavelength and
frequency are maintained.
Material in Signal Path Signal Attenuation Signal Attenuation
(2.4 GHz) (5 GHz)
Plasterboard / Drywall 3 - 4 dB 3 – 5 dB
Cubicle Wall 2 – 4 dB 4 – 9 dB
Glass Wall with Metal Frame 6 dB 10 dB
Brick / Concrete 6 – 18 dB 10 – 30 dB
Cinder Block Wall 4 dB 9 dB
Office Window 2 - 3 dB 6 – 8 dB
Tinted Glass Window 13 dB 30 dB
Metal door 6 dB 10 dB
Metal Door in Brick Wall 12 dB 25 dB
Firewall 13 – 19 dB 25 – 32 dB
Wireless Device Position 3 – 6 dB 3 – 6 dB
These values are estimates and attenuation may vary depending on the actual material used
 Part of the energy is reflected.
 Part of the energy may be transmitted.
 The angle of reflection is the same as the initial angle.
 Reflection depends on the roughness of the material relative to the
wavelength and the angle.
 Amplitude has no impact.
The bending of an RF signal as it wraps around
an object.
This is also like

Sun light
bending around
a building. Yes,
there will be RF
shadows.
 Scattering occurs when microparticles deviate the wave in multiple
directions.
 It affects shorter wavelengths more than longer ones.
 It can weaken the signal or block it.
• The spreading out of a wave around an obstacle is called
diffraction
• When light hits small particles a phenomenon called
scattering is possible
 Refraction occurs when a wave passes
from one medium to another, causing the
wave to change direction.
 Refraction has a minor effect on indoor
networks.
 It can have a big impact on outdoor long-
range links.
A bending of an RF signal as it passes through a medium
 Occurs when a signal reflects from surfaces and signals arrive at the
receiver at different times
 Delayed multiple copies of the same signal hit the receiver
 Depends on the wavelength and the position of the receiver
 Two signals are in phase when the crests of their cycles coincide.
 Being out of phase weakens both signals or cancels them if amplitude
and wavelength are the same.
• Multiple instances of the same signal arriving out of phase at
the intended receiver caused by reflection or some other
source of propagation interference
• An increase in a signals strength or amplitude
• Usually caused by the use of an amplifier
Antennae are passive amplifiers
Some inject current
• RSSI is the signal
strength indicator
• dBm value
transformed from a
vendor dependent
grading coefficient
• Usually negative
value, the closer
to 0 the better. RSSI
values are most often
denoted in dBm and
are negative integers
i.e. – 69dBm.
• SNR is signal strength
relative to noise level.
The higher the better
• Antenna Height
Fresnel zone consideration
Line-of-Sight over 25 miles (40 Km) hard to implement
Antenna
Height
(Value “H”) Total Distance
Fresnel @ 60% (Value “F”)
Earth Curvature (Value “C”)
Spectrum Analysis with MetaGeek Chanalyzer and a Cisco AP
Spectrum Analysis with AirMagnet Spectrum XT
Spectrum Analysis with Cisco Meraki
Basic Channel Quality Information Gathered by an AP
Overview of CleanAir Operation
Enabling CleanAir Globally on a Controller
Example List of Interference Device Reports
Displaying Air-Quality Indices for all APs on a Controller
Displaying Detailed CleanAir Data in Rapid Update Mode
Enabling ED-RRM
EAP
Chan. 1
IP RADIUS ISE
driver
supp.
radio
802.11
CAPWAP
EOIP
802.11 Management
IP
IP
CAPWAP
WLC
DHCP
802.11 Management
• Client can’t connect….
52
802.11 1. Listen for Beacons
State 1: 2. Probe Request
Unauthenticated,
Unassociated 3. Probe Response AP
4. Authentication Request
5. Authentication Response
State 2:
Authenticated, 6. Association Request
Unassociated
7. Association Response
8. (Optional: EAPOL Authentication) WLC
State 3:
Authenticated,
9. (Optional: Encrypt Data)
Associated
10. Move User Data
Displaying a Client with Detail in Cisco Prime
Displaying and Filtering Client Status Information on a Controller
Displaying Client RF Statistics
Displaying Client Location and RF History
Troubleshooting a Client with IP Addressing Problems
Troubleshooting Client RF Problems with PI
Running a Link Test to a Wireless Client
Displaying the Results of Client Troubleshooting Tests
Using NetSurveyor to determine what SSIDs the Wireless Client can see
Using inSSIDer to determine what SSIDs the Wireless Client can see
Verifying AP Connectivity in a Cisco Unified Wireless Network
Verifying That an AP Is Alive
Using a Client OS–based Utility to List Available SSIDs
Scanning Channels with MetaGeek inSSIDer Office
Scanning Channels with Android Wifi Analyzer
Analyzing Wi-Fi Activity with Fluke AirMagnet WiFi Analyzer
Analyzing Wi-Fi Frames Captured Over the Air with Savvius OmniPeek
Wireless Capture – AP as Sniffer
72
Analyzing Wi-Fi Activity with Wireshark
Wireshark with AirPcap
74
With CAPWAP de-encapsulated you can see all the packets to/from client (between AP and WLC)
75
AirMagnet Site Survey
Ekahau Site Survey
TamoGraph Site Survey
Mount APs so that antennas are vertical (Cisco uses vertical polarization)
Mount APs in the correct locations…
80
• When Deploying Wireless Networks… Always Prepare and Plan.
• Know your physical environment. Understand materials used in walls, offices, cubicals,
warehouses, etc.
• Invest in the Tools for Planning, RF Spectrum Analysis and Wireless Management and
Troubleshooting.
• Understand the client devices being used and the wireless capabilities of those devices.
• Be prepared to make changes to the wireless deployment if the environment or client
needs change.
• The Cisco Learning Network
https://learningnetwork.cisco.com/welcome
• CCNA Wireless Study Materials

https://learningnetwork.cisco.com/community/certifications/wireless_ccna/wifund/study-material
• CCNA Wireless Certification Exam Topics

https://learningnetwork.cisco.com/community/certifications/wireless_ccna/wifund/exam-topics
• Cisco Live On-Demand Library

https://www.ciscolive.com/online/connect/search.ww
Thank you.

Modulo6 - Mobility Fundamentals Series Troubleshooting WLAN

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Mobility Series

Module 6 – Wireless LAN Troubleshooting

2. Dealing with Wireless Interference

3. Troubleshooting WLAN Connectivity

• Use of tools to assist with WLAN Design and Troubleshooting

Fluorescent Lights Wireless

Loud Moving Signal

See Hops in Max

This is also like

Fresnel @ 60% (Value “F”)

Earth Curvature (Value “C”)

• Client can’t connect….

• CCNA Wireless Study Materials

• CCNA Wireless Certification Exam Topics

• Cisco Live On-Demand Library

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