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Unpacking the Self:

The Sexual Self


Human beings are all sexual beings. Sexual development takes place
when humans are still inside the womb of their mothers.

• Sex is a biological component


determined on the basis of primary
sex characteristics.
• Primary sex characteristics: the
anatomical traits essential to
reproduction
• Secondary sex characteristics:
physical traits not essential to
reproduction that result from the
actions of the so-called male and
female hormones
Puberty is the stage of development at which individuals become
sexually mature.
The sequence of changes for boys and girls is predictable, though the
timing of these changes varies for every individual.
Puberty in Boys
Puberty in Boys
Puberty in Boys
Puberty in Girls
Puberty in Girls
Puberty in Girls
EROGENOUS ZONES

• Popularized in the 1960s and 1970s


to describe the areas of the body
that are highly sensitive to stimuli
and are often (but not always)
sexually exciting.
• Highly sensitive means these areas
of the body have a high number of
sensory receptors or nerve endings
that react to stimuli.
• These are places where a person is
generally more sensitive to both
pain and pleasure than in other
areas of the body.
Understanding the Human Sexual Response
• The sexual response cycle refers to the sequence of physical and
emotional occurrences when the person is participating in a
sexually stimulating activity.
• In general, both men and women experience these phases.
However, they do not experience it at the same time. Moreover, the
intensity of the sensation and the time spent in each phase also
vary from person to person.
• In the 1950s, William Masters and Virginia Johnson pioneered
research to understand human sexual response, dysfunction and
disorders, which served as a basis for the theory on the four-stage
model of sexual response or the human sexual response cycle.
Phase 1: Excitement
General characteristics of the excitement phase, which can last from a few
minutes to several hours, include the following:

• Muscle tension increases.


• Heart rate quickens and breathing is accelerated.
• Skin may become flushed (blotches of redness appear on the chest and back).
• Nipples become hardened or erect.
• Blood flow to the genitals increases, resulting in swelling of the woman's
clitoris and labia minora (inner lips), and erection of the man's penis.
• Vaginal lubrication begins.
• The woman's breasts become fuller and the vaginal walls begin to swell.
• The man's testicles swell, his scrotum tightens, and he begins secreting a
lubricating liquid.
Phase 2: Plateau
General characteristics of the plateau phase, which extends to the brink of
orgasm, include the following:

• The changes begun in phase 1 are intensified.


• The vagina continues to swell from increased blood flow, and the vaginal
walls turn a dark purple.
• The woman's clitoris becomes highly sensitive (may even be painful to touch)
and retracts under the clitoral hood to avoid direct stimulation from
the penis.
• The man's testicles are withdrawn up into the scrotum.
• Breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure continue to increase.
• Muscle spasms may begin in the feet, face, and hands.
• Muscle tension increases.
Phase 3: Orgasm
The orgasm is the climax of the sexual response cycle. It is the shortest of the
phases and generally lasts only a few seconds. General characteristics of this
phase include the following:

• Involuntary muscle contractions begin.


• Blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing are at their highest rates, with a
rapid intake of oxygen.
• Muscles in the feet spasm.
• There is a sudden, forceful release of sexual tension.
• In women, the muscles of the vagina contract. The uterus also undergoes
rhythmic contractions.
• In men, rhythmic contractions of the muscles at the base of the penis result in
the ejaculation of semen.
• A rash, or "sex flush" may appear over the entire body.
Phase 4: Resolution
• During resolution, the body slowly returns to its normal level of functioning,
and swelled and erect body parts return to their previous size and color.
• This phase is marked by a general sense of well-being, enhanced intimacy
and, often, fatigue.
• Some women are capable of a rapid return to the orgasm phase with further
sexual stimulation and may experience multiple orgasms.
• Men need recovery time after orgasm, called a refractory period, during
which they cannot reach orgasm again. The duration of the refractory period
varies among men and usually lengthens with advancing age.
Sex and the Brain
Roles of the brain in sexual activity
• Responsible for translating the nerve impulses
sensed by the skin into pleasurable sensations
• Controls the nerves and muscles used in sexual
activities
• Sexual thoughts and fantasies are theorized to lie in
the cerebral cortex, the same area used for thinking
and reasoning.
• Emotions and feelings (which are important for sexual
behavior) are believed to originate in the limbic
system .
• The brain releases hormones considered as the
physiological origin of sexual desire.
Roles of Hormones in sexual activity
• The hypothalamus is the
most important part of the
brain for sexual functioning.
• This small area at the base of
the brain has several groups
of nerve-cell bodies that
receive input from the
limbic system.
• The pituitary gland
secretes the hormones
produced in the
hypothalamus.
HORMONES FUNCTION

Known as the “love hormone” and believed to be involved in our


Oxytocin desire to maintain close relationships. It is released during intercourse
when orgasm is achieved.

Follicle-Stimulating Responsible for ovulation in females. Sexual activity was more


Hormone (FSH) frequent during a woman’s fertile time.

Crucial in regulating the testes in men and ovaries in women. In men,


Luteinizing Hormone
LH stimulates the testes to produce testosterone. In males, testosterone
(LH)
appears to be a major contributing factor to sexual motivation.

Involved in the male arousal phase. The increase of vasopressin during


Vasopressin erectile response is believed to be directly associated with increased
motivation to engage in sexual behavior.

Estrogen and Regulate motivation to engage in sexual behavior for women, with
progesterone estrogen increasing motivation and progesterone decreasing it.
Understanding
the Chemistry of
Lust, Love and
Attachment
Anthropologist Helen Fisher proposed three stages of falling in
love and for each stage, a different set of chemicals run the show.
• Marked by physical
attraction
• You want to seduce and be
seduced by your object of
affection
• Will not guarantee, however,
that the couple will fall in
love in any lasting way
• Norepinephrine – responsible
for the extra surge of energy and
triggers increased heart rate, loss
of appetite, as well as the desire to
sleep. The body is more alert and
is ready for action.
• Dopamine – associated with
motivation and goal-directed
behavior. It makes you pursue
your object of affection. It creates a
sense of novelty, where the person
seems exciting, special, or unique
that you want to tell the world
about his or her admirable traits.
• Serotonin – low levels are found
in people who are in love
Involves the desire to have
lasting commitment with
your significant other.
Psychological aspect of sexual desire
• Sexual desire is typically viewed as an interest in sexual objects or
activities, and is sometimes, but not always, accompanied by genital
arousal.
• Sexual desire can be triggered by a large variety of cues and situations,
including private thoughts, feelings, and fantasies, erotic materials
(books, movies, photographs), and a variety of erotic environment,
situations or social interactions.
• Sexual desire is often confused with sex drive.
Sex drive represents a basic, biologically mediated motivation to
seek sexual activity or gratification.
Sexual desire represents a more complex psychological
experience that is not dependent on hormonal factors.
Psychological aspect of sexual desire
• Factors the influence notable gender differences on sexual desire:
– Culture
– Social environment
– Political situations
• Men are more visual while women are auditory and tactile.
• Women may place great emphasis on interpersonal relationships
while males enjoy a more casual sexual behavior.
• Early human females practiced selective mating with carefully chosen
males to achieve maximum reproductive success, while no such
pressure was evident on men. This may have favoured the evolution of
stronger sexual desires in men than in women.
Diversity of
Sexual Behavior
Source: https://www.dzbreaking.com/2017/12/11/english-teacher-difference-sex-gender/
Sexual Orientations
Terms Definition
LGBTQ+ an umbrella term for a wide spectrum of gender identities, sexual
orientations, aaand romantic orientations.

Lesbian females who are exclusively attracted to women


Gay males who are exclusively attracted to any other males. It can also refer to
anyone who is attracted to his or her same gender.

Bisexual someone who is sexually/romantically attracted to both men and women.


Transgender an umbrella term for people who do not identify with the gender assigned
to them at birth. Trans woman is an identity label adapted by male to female trans people to signify that
they identify themselves as women. A trans man is an identity label adapted by female to male trans
people to signify that they identify themselves as men.

Transsexualism people who believe they were born with the body of the other gender.
Transsexuals sometimes seek sex-change operations.

Queer/Questioning a useful term for those who are questioning their identities and are unsure
about using more specific terms, or those who do not simply wish to label themselves and prefer to use
a broader umbrella term.

Intersex people who are born with a mix of male and female biological traits that
can make it hard for doctors to assign them a male or female sex.

Asexual a person who is not interested in or does not desire sexual activity
Pansexual people who are attracted to others regardless of their sex or gender
There is preliminary empirical research that strongly suggests sexual orientation is not a
choice. Just as the majority of the heterosexual people do not choose to be attracted to the
opposite sex, the large majority of the LGBTQ+ people do not choose theirs. The only real
choice that the LGBTQ+ community has to deal with is whether to be open about their
orientation.
What determines whether people become homosexual or heterosexual?

1.Biological
―Evidence for a genetic origin of sexual orientation comes from studies of identical twins. The studies found
that when one twin identified himself or herself as homosexual, the occurrence of homosexuality in the
other twin was higher than in the general population.
―Hormones also may play a role in determining sexual orientation. Research shows that women exposed
before birth to DES (diethylstillbestrol – a drug their mothers took to avoid miscarriage) were more likely
to be homosexual or bisexual (Meyer-Bahlburg, 1997 in Feldman, 2013).
―Differences in brain structures may be related to sexual orientation. The structure of the
anterior hypothalamus (an area of the brain that governs sexual behavior) differs in male
homosexuals and heterosexuals. Similarly, other research shows that compared with
heterosexual men or women, gay men have a larger anterior commissure, which is a bundle
of neurons connecting the right and left hemispheres of the brain.
―Research suggesting that biological causes are at the root
cause of homosexuality is not conclusive because most findings are based on only small samples of
individuals. Still, the possibility is real that some inherited or biological factor exists that predisposes people
toward homosexuality if certain environmental conditions are met.
What determines whether people become homosexual or heterosexual?

2.Child-rearing practices or Family Dynamics


―Some evidence suggests that sexual orientation is brought about by child-
rearing practices or family dynamics. Although proponents of the
psychoanalytic theories once argued that the nature of the parent-child
relationship can produce homosexuality, research evidence does not
support such explanations.
What determines whether people become homosexual or heterosexual?

3. Learning Theory
―According to this view, sexual orientation is learned through rewards and
punishments. For example, a young adolescent who had an unpleasant heterosexual
experience might develop disagreeable associations with the other sex. If the same
person had a rewarding, pleasant gay or lesbian experience, homosexuality might be
incorporated into his or her sexual fantasies. If such fantasies are used during later
sexual activities – such as masturbation – they may be positively reinforced through
orgasm, and the association of homosexual behavior and sexual pleasure eventually
may cause homosexuality to become the preferred form of sexual behavior.
―Although the learning theory explanation is plausible, several difficulties rule it out as a
definitive explanation. Because our society has traditionally held homosexuality in low
esteem, one ought to expect that the negative treatment of homosexual behavior
would outweigh the rewards attached to it. Furthermore, children growing up with a
gay or lesbian parent are statistically unlikely to become homosexual, which thus
contradicts the notion that homosexual behavior may be learned from others.
What determines whether people become homosexual or heterosexual?

4. Urban Setting
― Homosexuality is positively correlated with urbanization, which was more
substantial in men than in women. Large cities seem to provide a friendlier
environment for same-gender interest to develop and be expressed than in rural
areas.
- Because of the difficulty in finding a consistent explanation for sexual orientation, we can’t
definitively answer the question of what determines it. It seems unlikely that any single
factor orients a person towards homosexuality or heterosexuality. Instead, it seems
reasonable to assume that a combination of biological and environmental factors is
involved.

- One thing is clear though: There is no relationship between sexual orientation and
psychological adjustment.
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
Sexually Transmitted Diseases

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
 Understand the sexually transmitted disease and its different
types;
 Know some speculations or uncertainties about sexually
transmitted disease and be enlightened with the facts;
 Have a right thoughts about people who have sexually
transmitted disease; and
 Use what you have understand about yourself to avoid sexually
transmitted disease, as well on how to get along with those
people who are victims of it.
WHAT iS Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) ?
It is a disease or infection acquired through sexual
contact where the organisms that cause STD are
passed on from person to person.
WHAT iS Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) ?
STD/STI are passed in:
1. Blood;
2. Semen;
3. Viginal;
4. Or any other bodily fluids.

Question: Can the virus be transmitted through saliva?


Answer: No!
WHAT iS Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) ?
STD/STI can also be transmitted non sexually
such as:
1. Mother to infant during pregnancy;
2. Blood transfusion;
3. People sharing needles for injection.
TYPES
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)

Chlamydia
 It is the most common bacterial infection primarily spread
during unprotected anal, viginal, and oral sex.
 It usually has no symptoms or symptoms only occur one to
several weeks, after having sex.
 These symptoms includes the following:
1. Painful feeling while urinating;
2. Unusual "discharge" in the penis/ vagina; and
3. Genital sores
TYPES
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)

Gonorrhea
 It is a bacterial disease that affects the vagina, throat and urinary
discharge. A person gets it from unprotected anal, viginal, and
oral sex.
 It usually has no symptoms or symptoms only occur one to
several weeks, after having sex.
 These symptoms includes the following:
1. Painful feeling while urinating;
2. Green, yellow or white "discharge" in the penis/ vagina, and
3. Genital sores
TYPES
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)

Herpes
 This is a viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). Herpes
affects the mouth and the human genitals.
 It is obtained by direct physical contact with the mouth and/or genitals
from the person who has it. Also, the disease can be transferred through
mouth to mouth contacts.
 The virus can be spread through skin-to-skin contact with sores, but it may
also spread even before sores can be seen on the infected person.
 Symptoms include itchy or painful blisters.
 In most people, the sores come and go, but the virus stays in the body for
life.
TYPES
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)


 This is a type of virus which causes warts commonly seen in the
mouth, genitals, and other private parts of the human body.
 If the virus will worsen, it will lead to cancer (i.g. cervical cancer)
 Genital HPV is spread easily through skin-to-skin contact during
vaginal, oral, or anal sex. Condoms do not totally prevent
transmission.
TYPES
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)

Syphilis
 Considered as one of the most serious sexually transmitted infection.
Syphilis is caused by a bacterium which can be spread by vaginal, anal, or
oral sex without a condom or latex/polyurethane barrier.
 The disease has several phases.
 People with primary syphilis (early disease) may have pain-free open sores,
called chancres, in the genital or anal area or around the mouth.
 People with secondary syphilis (a later stage of the disease) often have a
rash and/or hair loss. If left untreated, syphilis can proceed to the latent
stage during which it may have no visible symptoms but can cause damage
to the heart, brain, and other organs.
TYPES
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)

Hepatitis B
 Is an inflammation (irritation) of the liver.
 This caused by viruses that exist in blood, vaginal
secretions, semen, and breast milk.
 People who have hepatitis B virus (HBV) may experience
symptoms like jaundice, fatigue, dark urine, nausea,
vomiting, and light-colored stools. The infection is
diagnosed by a blood test.
TYPES
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)

HIV- AIDS
 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that
causes AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome).
 It is present in blood, vaginal secretions, semen, and
breast milk. HIV can be spread through vaginal, oral, or
anal sex without a condom.
 This virus causes the body’s immune system to
weaken or become deficient.
 Many people living with HIV look and feel healthy and
do not think they are at risk for becoming sick or
passing HIV to others.
TYPES
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)

HIV- AIDS
 Once infected with HIV, there are very mild symptoms
or none at all
 After 5-10 yrs, the body’s immune system becomes to
weak to fight off infections – this syndrome of having
many infections at the same time because of a
weakened immune system is called AIDS (Acquired
Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
 There is NO cure for HIV infection.
The HIV Situation in the Philippines

So what’s
causing the Risky
increase in Behavior
HIV cases? Prevention
HIV/AIDS cases disaggregated by gender (1984 to
2011)

2011

2006 to 2010

2001 to 2005
FEMALE
MALE
1996 to 2000

1991 to 1995

1984 to 1990

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

National Epidemiology Center - DOH


Behaviors that makes us at RISK for infection

• Unprotected anal sex between males


• Unprotected sex with paid partners
• Unprotected sex with multiple sex partners
• Injecting with used needles

National Epidemiology Center - DOH


Behaviors that put Filipinos at risk for HIV

• Younger age of first sex


• Younger Filipinos try injecting drugs
• More males engage in anal sex
• Unprotected sex with >1 sexual partner
• Most injecting drug users share needles
• Few voluntarily get tested for HIV and know
their HIV status – so many may be spreading
HIV and not know it

National Epidemiology Center - DOH


Modes of HIV Transmission among Females in the Philippines
100%

90%

80%

70%

60% HETEROSEX
PERINATAL
50%
IVDU

40% TRANSFUSION

30%

20%

10%

0% 2009 2010 2011


Source: Philippine HIV Registry

National Epidemiology Center - DOH


Modes of HIV Transmission among Males in the Philippines
100%

90%

80%

70%
HOMOSEXUAL
60% BISEXUAL
HETEROSEX
50%
PERINATAL
40% TRANSFUSION
IVDU
30%

20%

10%

0%
2009 2010 2011
Source: Philippine HIV Registry

National Epidemiology Center - DOH


Mode of HIV Transmission Among 15-24 Years Old

500

Number of Cases
400
sharinginfected
300 needles
male-malesex
200

100 male-female sex


0
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Source: Philippine HIV&AIDS Registry

N A National
T I O N A LEpidemiology
E P I D E M I O Center
L O G Y -CDOH
E N T ER
Number of Years Between
First Crush to First Sex

First crush to first date: 2 yrs (Males); 4 yrs (Females)


First date to first sex: 1 year (Males & Females)
First crush to first sex: 4 yrs (Males); 5 yrs (Females)

Source:
Before First Sex: Gender Differences in Emotional Relationships and Physical Behaviors
Among Adolescents in the Philippines. International Family Planning Perspectives 32(2):110-119

National Epidemiology Center - DOH


Number of Years Between
First Crush to First Sex

Conclusion of the Study:


“The period between the first date and first sex experienced by
both males and females provides an opportunity to ensure that
adolescents have access to the information and services that will
allow them to make informed choices about sexual behavior.”
- Upadhyay, Hindin, Gultiano (2006)

Source:
Before First Sex: Gender Differences in Emotional Relationships and Physical Behaviors
Among Adolescents in the Philippines. International Family Planning Perspectives 32(2):110-119

National Epidemiology Center - DOH


Projected Number of People Living with HIV
in the Philippines

National Epidemiology Center - DOH


FACT: HIV is Increasing in the Philippines

If we do nothing,
HIV is a problem that will NOT go away….

We HAVE to do something.
Everyone CAN do something.

National Epidemiology Center - DOH


Sexually Transmitted Diseases

HEALTHY REMINDERS:

17 Sex Tips: Protect Against STD


Methods of
Contraception (natural
and artificial)
Types/Methods Contraception:
• Natural Family Planning • Hormonal Contraception/Artificial
Family Planning

- Is an educational process of determining - Is the use of mechanical, chemical, or


the fertile and infertile periods of woman. medical procedures to prevent
- Known as Fertility Awareness Based conception from taking place as a result
methods since it utilizes principles of sexual intercourse.
involved in fertility awareness.
- Method that manipulates the hormone
FERTILITY- Is the capability of the woman
to conceive or get pregnant and the ability that directly affect the normal
of the man to impregnate a woman. menstrual cycle sothat ovulation will
not occur.
Factors that must be carefully considered in
selecting a method:

1. Safety –The method should be free from harmful side


effects both for the person using the method and for the
sexual partner.
2. Effectiveness –It must be effective in preventing
unwanted pregnancy.
3. Ease of administration –If it is to be applied by the
person like the chemical or mechanical devices, it has to
be simple and easy.
4. Expense and availability –The method should not only
be economical but readily available.
Types of Natural Family Planning Methods:
1.Periodic Abstinence ( Fertility Awareness) methods- Fertility
awareness methods require a couple to know the fertile days of
the woman’s menstrual cycle — the days when pregnancy is most
likely to occur. During these fertile days the couple must avoid
sex or use a barrier method to prevent pregnancy. How
menstruation works - Emma Bryce.mp4

 3 major techniques used in periodic abstinence methods

A. Rhythm (calendar) Method


B. Basal Body Temperature (BBT) monitoring;
C. Cervical Mucus ( Ovulation)
Types of Natural Family Planning Methods:

A. Standard Days Method (SDM)/Rhythm


(calendar) Method
-The couple tracks the woman’s menstrual history to
predict she will ovulate. Helps the couple determine
when they will most likely conceive.
-To use SDM, the couple avoids unprotected sex from
day 8 through day 19 of every cycle, counting the first
day of monthly bleeding as day 1. These are the days
when the woman is most likely to become pregnant.
-Many women or couples use Cycle Beads to keep track
of their fertile days. Cycle Beads are a string ofbeads
that are color-coded to represent different days of the
menstrual cycle. The different colors show the days the
woman is likely to be fertile and get pregnant and the
days when it is safe to have unprotectedsex.
- A woman can use SDM if most of her menstrual cycles
are 26 to 32 days long. If she has more than two longer
or shorter cycles in a year, SDM will be less effective for
her and she should consider another fertility awareness
method or other modern method.
Types of Natural Family Planning Methods:

B. Basal Body Temperature


(BBT)
-A method that relies on monitoring a
woman’s basal body temperature on a
daily bases.
-A woman’s body temperature
changes throughout the menstrual
cycle, and changes in body
temperature coincide with hormonal
changes. This indicates fertile and non-
fertile stages of the cycle
-By monitoring temperature every
day, a woman can determine the
periods of her menstrual cycle when
she is or is not fertile.
Types of Natural Family Planning Methods:

C. Cervical Mucus ( Ovulation)

- Also called the Billing’s method.


- Devised by John and Evelyn Billings in
the 1960s
- Involves examining the color and
viscosity of the cervical mucus to
discover when ovulation is occurring.
Types of Natural Family Planning Methods:

2. Lactation Amenorrhea Method (LAM)


-Breastfeeding provides contraceptive
protection for the first 6 months after
delivery if certain conditions are met.
-The natural effect of feeding only breast
milk to a baby delays the return of
fertility up to 6 months. For the LAM
method to be effective at preventing
pregnancy, three conditions must apply:
1.A woman must feed her baby only
breast milk
2. The baby is younger than 6 months
3. Themother’s monthly bleeding does
not resume.
-Generally, after 3months of exclusive
breastfeeding, a woman must choose
another method of contraception
- LAM is 98% effective when practiced
correctly.
Types of Natural Family Planning Methods:

3. Coitus Interruptus/
Withdrawal
-One of the oldest methods of
contraception
-Withdrawal involves a man
withdrawing his penis during sex and
releasing his ejaculate, whichcontains
sperm,outside the woman’s vagina. for
most people withdrawal is one of the
least effective contraceptive methods
-This method is only 75% effective
because pre-ejaculation fluid that
contains a few spermatozoa may cause
fertilization.
-Effective practice of withdrawal
requires men to have good self-control.
A man must be able and willing to
withdraw the penis and ejaculate
outside the woman’s body
Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family Planning
Methods:
1. Oral Contraceptives
- It is also known as the pill.Oral
contraceptives contain synthetic
estrogen and progesterone.
 Estrogen- Suppresses ovulation
 Progesterone- Decrease the
permeability of the cervical mucus to
limit the sperm’saccess to the ova.
- Oral contraceptive pills should be taken
one pill every day. They are most
effective when no pills are missed, the
pill is taken at the same timeevery day,
and each new pack of pills is started
without a delay.
• Pros: More regular, lighter periods, or no
periods, depending on the type of pill.
Less cramping.
• Cons: no STDprotection. May causeside
effects, including breast tenderness,
spotting, serious blood clots, and raised
blood pressure. Some women shouldnot
use birth controlpills.
Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family Planning
Methods:
2. Transdermal Contraceptive Patch
-A medicated adhesive patch that is
placed on the skin to deliver a
specific dose and into the
bloodstream.
- Has both combination of both
estrogen and progesterone
released into the bloodstream to
prevent pregnancy.
• Pros: More regular, lighter periods
with less cramping, no need to
remember a daily pill.
• Cons: may cause skin irritation or
other side effects similar to birth
control pills. Doesn't protect
against STDs.
Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family Planning
Methods:
3. Vaginal Ring
-The NuvaRing is a soft plastic ring
that is worn inside the vagina. The
ring releases the same hormones as
the pill and patch and is just as
effective. But it only needs to be
replaced once a month.
• Pros: Lighter, more regular
periods, only replaced once per
month.
• Cons: may cause vaginal irritation
or other side effects similar to pills
and the patch. Doesn't protect
against STDs.
Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family Planning
Methods:
4. Subdermal Implants (ex. Birth
control implant)
Contraceptive implants (implanon)
is a matchstick-sized rod and is
inserted under the skin of a
woman’s upper arm and provide
continuous, highly effective
pregnancy protection for 3 to 5
years.
Pros: Lasts three years, highly
effective.
• Cons: May cause side effects,
including irregular bleeding.
Doesn't protect against STDs.
Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family Planning
Methods:

5. Hormonal Injections (ex. Depo-


Provera)
- Injectable contraceptives are given
by injection into a woman’s arm or
buttocks once every 1- 3 months,
depending on the type of
injectable.
- It typically suppressing ovulation,
keeping ovaries from releasing an
egg.
- pros: 100% effective if women
always remember to come for re-
injection on time. 3 pregnancies per
year will occur among every 100
women using injectable.
- Cons: May cause spotting and other
side effects. Doesn't protect against
STDs.
Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family Planning
Methods:

6. Intrauterine Device (IUD)


- A small T-shaped piece of plastic that is
placed inside the uterus by a doctor. The
copper IUD, ParaGard, works for as long
as 12years. The hormonal IUD, Mirena,
must be replaced after 5 years. Both types
make it more difficult for sperm to fertilize
the egg. Fewer than eight in 1,000 women
get pregnant.
-Women living with HIV can safely use
IUDs. However, women at very high risk of
STIsor who currently have an active STI,
such as gonorrhea or chlamydia, should
not have an IUD inserted.
• Pros: Long-lasting, low-maintenance.
Can provide 5-12 yrs. of protection.
• Cons: Irregular or heavier periods. More
expensive upfront, may slip out, may
cause side effects.
Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family Planning
Methods:

7. Chemical Barriers
-Spermecides, vaginal gels, creams and
glycerite films are used to cause the
death of the sperm before they can enter
the cervix.
Spermicide contains a chemical that kills
sperm. It comes in the form of foam,
jelly, cream, or film that is placed inside
the vagina before sex. Some types must
be put in place 30 minutes ahead of
time. Spermicides are most often used
along with other birth control methods
• Pros: Easy to use, inexpensive.
• Cons: May increase the risk of STDs,
29% get pregnant. Frequent use may
cause tissue irritation, increasing the
risk of infections and STDs.
Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family Planning
Methods:

8. Diaphragm
-The diaphragm is a rubber dome that is
placed over the cervix before sex. It is
used with a spermicide. Effectiveness
compares to the male condom –16% of
average users get pregnant, including
those who don't use the device correctly
every time.
• Pros: Inexpensive
• Cons: Must be fitted by a doctor, no
STD protection. Can't be used during
your period due to a risk of toxic shock
syndrome.
Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family Planning
Methods:

9. Cervical Cap
-A cervical cap is similar to a diaphragm,
but smaller. The FemCap slips into place
over the cervix, blocking entry into the
uterus. It is used with spermicide. The
failure rate for the cervical cap is 15%for
women who have never had children
and 30% for those who have.
• Pros: Can stay in place for 48 hours,
inexpensive.
• Cons: Must be fitted by a doctor, no
protection ,vaginal irritation and some
women experience increase in the
number of bladder infection.
Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family Planning Methods:

10. Male Condom 11.Female Condom


- The latex condom is the classic - The female condom is a thin plastic
barrier method. It prevents spermpouch that lines the vagina and can
from entering the woman's body, be put in place up to 8 hours before
sex. Users grasp a flexible,plastic
protecting against pregnancy ring at the closed end to guide it into
position. It's somewhat less effective
and STDs. Of couples who rely than the male condom.
only on male condoms, 15%get • Pros: Widely available, some
pregnant in a year. protection against STDs, conducts
body heat better than a male
• Pros: Widely available, protects condom.
against STDs, inexpensive. • Cons: Can be noisy, 21% of usersget
pregnant, not reusable. Should not
• Cons: Only effective if used be used with a male condom, to
correctly every time. Can't be avoid breakage.
reused.
Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family Planning Methods:

10. Male Condom 11.Female Condom


Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family Planning Methods:

12. SurgicalMethods.
- One of the most effective birth control method.
- This method ensures conception is inhibited permanently after the surgery.

 2 kinds of surgical Methods


1.Vasectomy ( Male sterilization)
2. Tubal Ligation (Female sterilization)
Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family Planning Methods:

Tubal Ligation
Vasectomy

- Besides condoms, a vasectomyis - The traditional method for


the only birth control option women is called tubal ligation
available to men. It involves or "having your tubes tied." A
surgically closing the vas deferens –
the tubes that carry sperm from the surgeon closes off the fallopian
testes, through the reproductive tubes, preventing eggs from
system. This prevents the release of making their journey out of
sperm but doesn't interfere with the ovaries. (The banding
ejaculation. method is shownhere.)
• Pros: Permanent, cheaper than • Pros: Permanent, nearly
tubal ligation, almost 100% 100% effective.
effective.
• Cons: Requires surgery, not • Cons: Requires surgery, may
not be reversible, expensive.
effective immediately, may not be Doesn't protect against STDs.
reversible.
Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family Planning Methods:

Tubal Ligation
Vasectomy
The Effectiveness of contraceptives and How it works?

 For many people, the effectiveness of a family planning method


is important. The chart compares the effectiveness of methods as
commonly used. The most effective methods are grouped at the
top, and less effective methods are at the bottom. How do
contraceptives work - NWHunter.mp4
MOST EFFECTIVEMETHOD???
Theonly birth control method that is100%

effective is…………………….
abstinence.
MOST EFFECTIVEMETHOD???

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