Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Recognise Hadrons
Classify Particles
How do the new particles fit in with protons,
neutrons and electrons?
Hadrons Leptons
Interact through all four Interact through the
fundamental weak interaction, the
interactions including gravitational interaction
the strong nuclear and through the
force. electromagnetic
Heavier particles. interaction if charged.
Apart from proton Lighter particles.
decay through weak e.g. electrons, muons,
interaction. neutrinos.
e.g. protons, neutrons, p
mesons and K mesons.
Baryons are protons and all other hadrons
(including neutrons) that decay into protons
either directly or indirectly.
Neutrons
Baryons
Antiproton
hadrons antineutron
Kaons
Mesons
matter and
pions
antimatter
Electrons
Positrons
Leptons
Neutrino
muons
LHC is a ring shaped collider that boosts Kinetic
Energy of charged particles at several places in
the ring.
When the particles collide
The total energy of particles and antiparticles
before the collision = rest energy and kinetic
energy.
The total energy of the new particles and
antiparticles after the collision = rest energy +
kinetic energy
The rest energy Total energy The kinetic
= -
of the products before energy of
the products
Quarks and Leptons
Define strange particles
Define quarks and explain how we know they
exist.
Explain the quark changes that happen in Beta
Decay
Explain why it could be said that there are no
antimesons
Kaons were first called V particles.
V particles were called strange because they
decay either into pions only or into pions and
protons.
Those decaying into pions only were called
Kaons
Strange particles are created in twos.
The others e.g. Sigma(S) particle were found to
have
Different rest masses always greater than the
proton.
Decay either in sequence or directly into protons
and pions.
Properties of hadrons charge, strangeness and
rest mass can all be explained assuming they
are made from smaller particles.
Three different types of quarks and
corresponding antiquarks need to be studied.
Strange, s
Up, u
Down, d
Quarks Antiquarks
Up Down Strange Up Down Strange
u d s u d s
Charge Q 2 1 1 2 1 1
+ - - - + +
3 3 3 3 3 3
Strangeness S 0 0 -1 0 0 +1
Baryon number +
1
+
1
+
1
-
1
-
1
-
1
B 3 3 3 3 3 3
Mesons
Hadrons containing a quark and an antiquark
A po can be any quark-antiquark combination
Each pair of charged mesons is a particle-
antiparticle pair
o o
Two uncharged kaons K and K
Antiparticle of any meson is a quark-antiquark
pair and therefore another meson.
Baryons are hadrons that consist of three quarks.
Antibaryons are hadrons that consist of three
antiquarks.
Proton uud
Neutron udd
Antiproton uud
The S particle is a baryon that has a strange
quark.
The proton is the only stable baryon.
b+ decay an up quark changes to a down quark
b- decay a down quark changes to an up quark
Quarks and Leptons
Recall the particles that are Leptons
Consider whether leptons are
elementary
Distinguish between different types of
Neutrinos
Evaluate the importance of lepton
numbers
Neutrinos interact very little
Muons are short lived
Electrons would repel each other
n e + n ® p + e-
The following, however is not possible. Lepton
number is not conserved.
n e + n ¹ p + e+
Muon changes to a muon neutrino
Electron created to conserve charge
Corresponding antineutrino created to
conserve lepton number
m ® e + ne + nm
- -
m ¹ e + ne + nm
- -
m ¾¾
-
®e + n e + nm
? -
Charged or uncharged
2. Conservation of Charge
Applies to all changes in science
3. Conservation of Lepton Numbers
Total lepton number before interaction is equal to
total lepton number after.
4. Conservation of strangeness
Applies in any strong interaction
Conservation of energy includes rest energy of
the particles
5. Conservation of Baryon Numbers
Applies to all particle and antiparticle interactions
The total baryon number before the change is
equal to that after the change
There is no equivalent meson rule.
Strangeness is not necessarily conserved when
the weak interaction is involved. It can be
unchanged or changed by +1 or -1.