Prepared By

Prof. Jigisha Sureja

Electronics & Communication Dept.
Topics:

 Modulation for digital signal

1. ASK
2. FSK
3. PSK
4. QAM
Digital to Analog conversion

 Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of

changing one of the characteristics of an analog
signal based on the information in digital data.

[1] Data Communications and Networking: Behrouz Forouzan, 4th Edition.

Types of Digital-to-analog conversion

[1] Data Communications and Networking: Behrouz Forouzan, 4th Edition.

Amplitude Shift Keying

 In ASK, amplitude of the carrier signal is changes as per the information

signal.
 ASK is usually implemented with two voltage levels so known as On-off
keying (OOK).
 Bandwidth of ASK Signal: B = (1 + d) * S
 Where, d = Modulation and filtering factor values ranges from 0 to 1.
S = Signal Rate.

[1] Data Communications and Networking: Behrouz Forouzan, 4th Edition.

Implementation of Binary ASK

[1] Data Communications and Networking: Behrouz Forouzan, 4th Edition.

Multi-level ASK

 In data communications, we normally use full-duplex links with

communication in both directions. We need to divide the bandwidth into
two with two carrier frequencies, as shown in Figure. The figure shows the
positions of two carrier frequencies and the bandwidths. The available
bandwidth for each direction is now 50 kHz, which leaves us with a data
rate of 25 kbps in each direction.

[1] Data Communications and Networking: Behrouz Forouzan, 4th Edition.

Binary Frequency Shift Keying

 In FSK, Frequency of the carrier signal is changes as per the information

signal.
 FSK is usually implemented with two carrier frequencies.
 Bandwidth of FSK Signal: B = (1 + d) * S + 2∆f
 Where, d = Modulation and filtering factor values ranges from 0 to 1.
S = Signal Rate.

[1] Data Communications and Networking: Behrouz Forouzan, 4th Edition.

Implementation of Binary Frequency Shift Keying

Implementation:
1. Coherent: Phase remains continuous at boundary of two signal elements.
2. Non-coherent: Phase discontinuity when one signal elements ends.

[1] Data Communications and Networking: Behrouz Forouzan, 4th Edition.

 Implementation of Binary Frequency Shift Keying

 We need to send data 3 bits at a time at a bit rate of 3 Mbps. The carrier
frequency is 10 MHz. Calculate the number of levels (different frequencies),
the baud rate, and the bandwidth.
Solution
We can have L = 23 = 8. The baud rate is S = 3 MHz/3 = 1000 Mbaud. This means
that the carrier frequencies must be 1 MHz apart (2Δf = 1 MHz). The bandwidth is
B = 8 × 1000 = 8000. Figure 5.8 shows the allocation of frequencies and
bandwidth.
B = (1 + d) * S + (L-1) 2∆f = L*S

[1] Data Communications and Networking: Behrouz Forouzan, 4th Edition.

Binary Phase Shift Keying

 In PSK, Phase of the carrier signal is changes as per the information

signal.
 PSK is usually implemented with one carrier frequency.
 Bandwidth of PSK Signal: B = (1 + d) * S
 PSK is less susceptible to noise in comparison to ASK and less bandwidth
then FSK as only carrier frequency will be required.

[1] Data Communications and Networking: Behrouz Forouzan, 4th Edition.

Implementation of Binary Phase Shift Keying

[1] Data Communications and Networking: Behrouz Forouzan, 4th Edition.

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

[1] Data Communications and Networking: Behrouz Forouzan, 4th Edition.

Constellation Diagram: Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

[1] Data Communications and Networking: Behrouz Forouzan, 4th Edition.

Constellation Diagram: Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

[1] Data Communications and Networking: Behrouz Forouzan, 4th Edition.

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

 Quadrature amplitude modulation is a combination of ASK and PSK.

[1] Data Communications and Networking: Behrouz Forouzan, 4th Edition.

Repository

 http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/007296
7757/information_center_view0/index.html
 http://authors.phptr.com/tanenbaumcn4/
 http://nptel.ac.in/courses/106105081