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Photography
By
Roland T. Dayagan
WHAT IS PHOTOGRAPHY?
FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY:
Forensic photography is that field covering the legal
application of photography in criminal jurisprudence and criminal
investigation. It is that branch of forensic science dealing with the:
3. Surveillance photography.
2. ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOGRAPHY
Some materials will absorb ultraviolet, while others will reflect these
radiations. Some have partial reflection. These effects can be
recorded photographically suing ultraviolet radiation. Black-and-
white films are sensitive to most wavelengths of ultraviolet. By
using a filter that absorbs all visible light but passes ultraviolet, it
is possible to make a photographic exposure with just ultraviolet.
Uses in Law Enforcement
The term should not be (but often is!) confused with photo-
micrography; the micro-photographic process is taken to mean a
substantial reduction of the "real thing" either for archival, portability
or, as shown above, clandestine purposes.
1. A subject
2. A light source
3. A camera
4. Photographic film
5. Chemicals for processing film
6. A printing device
7. Photographic paper.
8. Chemicals for processing paper
I. SUBJECT
1. Box Camera
For more than several decades the box camera (viewfinder) was
the instrument of choice for the casual amateur photographer.
Inexpensive and simple, it was, nevertheless, capable of excellent
results under many conditions. Box cameras were normally fitted
with a single-element lens, a limited range of aperture control, and
a single-speed leaf shutter.
The box camera is, with the exception of the pin hole
camera, a camera in its simplest form. The classic box camera is
shaped more or less like a box, hence the name. A box camera
has a simple optical system, often only in the form of a simple
meniscus lens. It usually lacks a focusing system (fix-focus) as
well as control of aperture and shutter speeds. This makes it
suitable for daylight photography only. In the 1950s, box cameras
with photographic flash were introduced, allowing indoor photos.
2. Pinhole Camera
Two Kinds:
C. The lens lets in light. It draws the light into the camera and
focuses it on the film plane. The larger the lens the more light. The
lens also effects how large the image appears based on the
focal length of the lens.
D. The aperture is located in the lens and is a set of leaf like
piece of metal that can change the size of the hole that lets in
light. We consider the lens to be part of the shutter as we do not
actually need a lens to focus an image if we have a small enough
hole to let in the light.
E. Finally, we have the third part is film holder inside the camera.
This must have some attachment that allows for the film to
be moved which can either be a lever or a motor.
SHUTTER
Controls how LONG light enters the camera. This is TIMED by the
shutter speed dial, usually on top of the camera. The larger the
number the SHORTER the time. A short time lets in light quickly
which will stop the MOTION an object might have as it travels
across the film while being exposed.
SHUTTER SPEED - Controls the duration of an exposure - the
faster the Shutter speed, the shorter the exposure time.
The aperture controls how MUCH light enters the camera. This
opening is inside the LENS of the camera and is adjusted by a
ring on the outside of the lens. The larger the opening the less
sharp the final image will be, much like in our original pinhole
camera. The larger the opening the more light that is allowed into
the camera.
The APERTURE is the opening you see in the lens.
Apertures on the common camera
1.4 - 2 - 4 - 5.6 - 8 - 11 - 16 - 22 - 32
If the object is opaque, then the vibrations of the electrons are not
passed from atom to atom through the bulk of the material.
Rather the electrons of atoms on the material's surface vibrate
for short periods of time and then reemit the energy as a
reflected light wave. Such frequencies of light are said to be
reflected.
1. Radio Wawes
4. Ultra-violet light
The ultra-violet light is divided into the near and far ultra-violet and
ranges from about two hundred (200) to four hundred (400)
millimicrons wavelength. Thus ray is invisible like the infrared. The
position of the ultra-violet region falls between X-ray and visible
wavelength. Since ultra-violet radiation can kill bacteria, it is
sometimes used to sterilize foods and water. Police scientists may
use ultraviolet light ot detect bloodstains, forged document, and
faked oil paintings.
5. X-rays (Discovered by a German physicist. Wilhelm Roentgen in
1895)
After hard X-rays come gamma rays. These are the most energetic
photons, having no defined lower limit to their wavelength. It's
uncertain what the physical lower limit of their wavelengths would
be. They are useful to astronomers in the study of high-energy
objects or regions and find a use with physicists thanks to their
penetrative ability and their production from radioisotopes. The
wavelength of gamma rays can be measured with high accuracy by
means of Compton scattering.
On the other hand, when you shoot into a subject, the shadows
obscure important interior details. When subjects such as
automobiles, handbags and closets are side lit, even large objects
inside them may not appear on the negative. You usually want to
avoid side lighting in these situations.
PHC Ronald W. Bayles 302.89
Figure 12.—Sidelighting.
3. Front Lighting: the sun is in back of the photographer
On the final print, the result will be that a filter will lighten
its own color and the colors adjacent to it and darken its
complement and
the colors adjacent to its complement; for example, a
green filter will lighten green (its own color) and cyan
and yellow (adjacent colors). It will darken magenta (its
complement) and blue and red (adjacent colors of the
complement).
Primary/Additive and Secondary/Subtractive Colors of light
FILTER FOR COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY
Some of the special-purpose falters you will work with include the
following:
2. Haze Filters
It has an angle of view narrower than 25° and focal length longer
than normal. These lenses are used for close-ups, e.g., for images
of the same size as the object. They usually feature a flat field as
well, which means that the subject plane is exactly parallel with
the film plane.
A MACROGRAPH shows the subject at actual size or larger.
3. ULTRA-WIDE ANGLE LENS - An extra-wide angle lens.
Generally refers to 35mm camera lenses with focal lengths
shorter than 24 mm.
The true fish-eye lens has its image wholly within the film frame.
7. QUASI-FISH-EYE LENS - The Quasi-fish-eye lens produces an
image on the film that covers the entire frame, whereas a True
fish-eye lens has its circular image wholly within the film frame.
(1) Something that prevents light from being brought into sharp
focus, disenabling the formation of a clear image.
(2) Lens flaw - the inability of a lens to reproduce an accurate,
focused, sharp image.
Here are the ten optical defects and what the camera operator
can and cannot do to correct the defect.
While you can also fix the red-eye effect using Aperture, there is
no way to accurately reproduce the original color of your subject ’s
eyes. Preventing the problem before it occurs is the preferred
solution.
Types of Lens According to Degree of Correction
The basic structures of a black and white film are the following:
1. Top layer – is sensitive to blue light only; green and red light
passes through it without exposing the color blind halides.
Others
120 – variation of the 2 ¼ inch –wide roll film that was first
introduced for box cameras decade ago, and now used into
professional medium format cameras like the Hasselbald or
Mamiya.
220 – the same as the 120’s but yields twice as many exposure.
FILM SPEED
One film may be rated ISO – 100 and another film ISO – 200. This
means that the 200 film is twice as fast (twice more sensitive to
light) than the 100 film. Hence, would only require half the amount
of light to produce a satisfactory negative. Each time the film
speed is doubled, it is equal to one f/stop in exposure. For
instance, in the example given, if ISO – 100 is exposed at f/8, then
ISO – 200 would be exposed at f/11 to produce the same negative
quality. Any film above ISO – 200 can be considered high speed
and anything less is usually slow speed and fine-grain.
The suggested uses of the following film under varying conditions
are:
ISO – 25 or lowest that condition will permit for best color and
sharpness
1. Developer
3. Fixing Bath
The fixing bath is employed to fix or to make the developed
image permanent by removing all the unaffected silver salt from
the emulsion. These silver salts are still sensitive; and if they
are allowed to remain in the emulsion, light ultimately darkens
them and obscure the image, thus, making the negative
useless.
Fixing Bath Ingredients:
4. Wash.
6. Drying.
Velox No. 3 – use for negatives that are a little weak in contrast.
ENLARGERS
1. Condenser Enlarger.