E-Government

E-Government
- Tutorial -
Reengineering of the Government:
Services and Solutions
Authors: Jasmina Pilipović, jasminap@beotel.yu

Prof. Dr. Miodrag Ivković, misa@mnt.bg.ac.yu
Prof. Dr. Dragan Domazet
Prof. Dr. Veljko Milutinović, vm@etf.bg.ac.yu
What Will You Learn
From This Tutorial?
PART ONE
• INTRODUCTION
– What is E-government
• TECHNICAL ASPECTS
– The infrastructure of E-government
• DIGITAL GOVERNMENT APPLICATIONS

– Some examples that could be implemented
Page Number 2/80

What Will You Learn
From This Tutorial?
PART TWO
• ENCRYPTION
– DSA, RSA, Digital Signature
• SECURITY TODAY
– Digital Certificates, SSL
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What Will You Learn
From This Tutorial?
PART THREE
• SOME EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDIES IN THE FIELD

– Other Governments experiences, University research
• STRATEGY PLANNING
– Planning of E-government
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Part One
Introduction to E-Government
Digital technologies are fundamentally transforming
our economy and society,
and have potentials for transforming
the Government
Introduction
• E-government - the transformation of internal and external
business processes toward customer-centricity
based upon service delivery opportunities
offered by new communication technologies.
• It is connecting Citizens, Suppliers, Employees,

and other agencies securely using:
– The technologies of the Internet
– The standards of the Internet
– The public Internet
– Private intranets
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Introduction
• Information and service delivery:
– Whenever
– Whatever Authentication
and
– Wherever Security check
Agency #1
Citizens E-government Agency #2
Internet
center ...
Agency #n
Employees
Businesses
Private Gateway Service Delivery
Agencies
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Introduction
• E-government in the use of:
– Government itself (communication, services, information)
– Employees (advertising, education, instructing)
– Businesses (supplying, information, services)
– Citizens (online services, digital democracy)
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Introduction
• Benefits:
– Efficiency
– Comfort
– Cost savings
– Progress
– Permanency
– Reduced redundancy
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Technical Aspects
Technical Aspects
• Designing and developing E-government
brings us a set of both technical and legal
difficulties to overcome
• The complexity of E-government architecture

will be presented with a model,
consisting of several segments:
– Sub-infrastructures
– Legal and political constrains
– Standards and protocols of networking
– Applications
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Technical Aspects
Digital government applications:
G2C G2B G2E G2G
Operating infrastructure
Technical
Legislation
Message and information standards
and
delivery and
official
network
politics
Network publishing protocols
infrastructure
Network infrastructure
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Technical Aspects
• Network infrastructure C B E G
OPERATING
TECH
– Multiple networks connected together
LAW
DELIVERY
PUBLISHING
– Various hardware technologies NETWORK
– Various underlying communication technologies
– Information superhighway
Network N
Network 1
Network 2
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Technical Aspects
• Network publishing C B E G
OPERATING
TECH
– Ability to present text, images, video,
LAW
DELIVERY
PUBLISHING
and audio contents NETWORK
– Various tools and languages for designing
– Client/server architecture
– Static and dynamic contents of WWW
HTTP
CLIENT The client sends HTTP message to a computer SERVER

running a Web Server program and asks for a document
INFORMATION
The Web server sends the hypermedia

HTML documents to the client
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Technical Aspects
• Message and information delivery: C B E G
OPERATING
TECH
– Search engines and algorithms
LAW
DELIVERY
PUBLISHING
– Delivery of both unstructured and structured data NETWORK
– Unstructured delivery via faxes and e-mails
– Automatic interchange of structured information
– Error and control handling
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Technical Aspects
• Operating infrastructure:
C B E G
– Privacy: OPERATING
TECH
LAW
DELIVERY
Governments need to protect citizens’ privacy PUBLISHING
Problem of involuntarily provided information NETWORK
– Security:
Protection of data - stored and during transaction
– Authentication:
The identity of parties in a transaction is verified
– Confidentiality:
No eavesdrop on the transaction in progress
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Technical Aspects
– Monetary system: C B E G
OPERATING
TECH
The most widely used way of purchasing
LAW
DELIVERY
over the Internet is Credit Card PUBLISHING
NETWORK
Electronic Cash is informational equivalent
of physical bank notes and coins
Electronic Cash can offer such benefits as

anonymity of the buyer
global acceptance…
Credit Card will be dominant

for at least the next few years.
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Technical Aspects
• Digital government applications: C B E G
OPERATING
TECH
LAW
– Classes: G2G, G2E, G2B, B2G, G2C, C2G DELIVERY
PUBLISHING
NETWORK
– Online services for citizens and businesses
– Intergovernmental and employees communication,

managing digital documentation
– Government intranet as basic communicational,

informational, and organizational tool
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Technical Aspects
• Legislative and official politics: C B E G
OPERATING
– Introducing digital era
TECH
LAW
DELIVERY
into conducting governmental and commercial tasks PUBLISHING
NETWORK
is opening an important question
considering legal protection and obligations
E-services
E-government
E-management
E-politics
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Technical Aspects
• Major risks: C B E G
OPERATING
TECH
– Exterior and inside attacks and misusage
LAW
DELIVERY
PUBLISHING
– Electronic espionage and sabotage NETWORK
– E-war
– Endangering rights and freedoms of citizens
– Corruption and organized crime
– Economical and financial malversations
– Intellectual property
– Monopolization in managing government affairs
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Technical Aspects
• Technical standards and network protocols: C B E G
OPERATING
TECH
– TCP/IP as the network protocol
LAW
DELIVERY
PUBLISHING
– SMTP and IMAP for mail transport NETWORK
– LDAP for Directory services
– HTTP for delivery of client transactions and information
• Agencies participating in E-government

should continually monitor
the development and implementation
of emerging standards
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Digital Government Applications
• Hundreds of applications that could be developed

to allow businesses, citizens, and other governments
to interact with the Government digitally.
• There are at least four distinct aspects

of digital government:
– Information gathering
– Interactive service delivery
– Online supplying
– Digital democracy
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• Information gathering
Citizens could have an insight on various types of
information, such as:
– Government services, agencies, and employees
– Event calendars, statistics, news
– Flight and train schedules
– Useful links
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Page Number 26/80
• Information dissemination problem:

– Need for standardized information tagging system
– Expanding the amount of accessible information
– Develop “expert systems” to access information
– Make the Web the first place to put information,

not the last
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• Interactive service delivery:

– Issuing permits and licenses, as well as renewing them
– Businesses and individuals could file tax returns directly,

at no cost
– Companies could file environmental compliance forms online
– Individuals could apply for Social Security benefits online
– Paying tickets, bills, memberships,...
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Page Number 29/80
• Problems:
– Expand and standardize
the number of applications for online forms
– Whenever possible use Web based technology
– Online forms should use shared information

about the submitter
– Integrate forms
– Focus on intergovernmental solutions
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• Online supplying:
– Number of items citizens and business partners
can purchase online
– With E-commerce countries can move to the center

of the virtual geography
– Collaboration with distributors and suppliers on scheduling
– Forecasting, and just-in-time replenishment of supplies
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Page Number 32/80
• Digital democracy:
– Communication between citizens and authorities
– Access to reports, plans, and memorandums
– Chat rooms
– Communication between government employees
Page Number 33/80

Page Number 34/80
End of Part One

Part Two
Encryption
Encryption
• Encryption techniques:
Transposition ciphers:
K=3 T S E
TRANSPOSE R N P S TSERNPSAO
A O
K=3
Substitution ciphers: SUBSTITUTE VXEVWLWXWH
EK DK
Symmetric encryption: USER CRYPTOGRAM USER
EK1 DK2
Asymmetric encryption: USER1 CRYPTOGRAM USER2
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Encryption
• Secret-key encryption:
– Shannon: confusion and diffusion
– Uniform encryption (module arithmetic)
– One-time pad (random key generation)
– DES (Data Encryption Standard)

IBM & National Bureau of Standards, 1977
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T (64 bits) IP
L0 R0
K1
+ f
L1= R0 R1= L0 + f(R0, K1)
L15= R14 R15= L14 + f(R14, K15)
K16
+ f
R16= L15 +f(R15, K16) L16= R15
IP-1 C
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R i-1 32 bits into 48 bits
EXPAND
+ Ki
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8
P
6 bits into 4 bits Permutation
f (Ri-1, Ki)
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K P1
64 bits into 56 bits
64-bit key
C0 D0 Roll left for 1 or 2

positions
LS1 LS1
C1 D1
P2 K1
56 bits into 48 bits

LS16 LS16
C16 D16
P2 K16
Page Number 42/80

Encryption
• Public-key encryption:
– Substitution ciphering with two keys: private and public
Public
channel
message E D message
cryptogram
Kpublic Kprivate
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Encryption
– RSA algorithm (Rivest, Shamir & Adleman, 1977)
public key K = P * Q, P and Q are very long numbers
private key K’ = (2 * (P -1) * (Q - 1) + 1) / 3
encrypting: Ci = (Fi t) mod K
decrypting: Fi = (Ci K’) mod K
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Encryption
Example: P = 7151 Q = 13259
K = 7151 * 13259 = 94815109
K’ = (2 * 7150 * 13258 + 1) / 3 = 63196467
Message: MARY HAD A LITTLE LAMB

ASCII REPRESENTATION: 77 65 82 89 32 72 65 68 32
65 32 76 73 84 84 76 69 32
76 65 77 66 46 00
for t = 3: C1 = (776582 3) mod 94815109 = 71611947

D1 = (71611947 63196467) mod 94815109 = 776582 (!!!)
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Encryption
– Digital signature:
• Origin authentication
• Data-integrity authentication
• Non-repudiation
Variable length Key Pair

Private key
Data…to…be…sent
Hashing Algorithm Public key
Message Digest Digital signature

Encrypt
Fixed length
(128 or 160 bits)
Page Number 46/80
Encryption
– Digital signature:
• Authentication check
SENDER RECEIVER
Message Message* HA
Digest’
HA
DS
Digest
PRK
PBK Digest’’ Equal?
DS
Page Number 47/80

Security Today
Security Today
• Digital Certificates
– Strong binding between the public key and some attribute
– Help someone receiving a message decide whether the

message, the key and the sender's name are what they
appear to be
– An electronic file that uniquely identifies communication

entities on the Internet
– Issued and signed by the Certification authority
Page Number 49/80

Security Today
• De-facto standard for digital certification is ITU-T
recommendation X.509:
– Certification Authority (CA) Public key
(issues certificates) value
– Subscribers
(CA Clients)
– Users
(the public in general)
CA’s private key
cert holder’s unique

name
issuer’s unique name
version
serial number
signature algorithm
identifier CA’s digital signature
Certification Authority
validity period
extensions Page Number 50/80
Security Today
• Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
– A protocol designed to work at the socket layer, to protect
any higher level protocol built on sockets, such as telnet,
ftp, or HTTP
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Security Today
• SSL protocol is composed of two layers
• The Record Layer

– Connection security using data encryption
with symmetric cryptography
and message integrity check
– For every SSL session
we create a randomly generated temporary master key
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Security Today
• The Handshake Layer
CLIENT SERVER
CLIENT-HELLO
(information on the cryptographic systems it is
willing or able to support)
SERVER-HELLO
(connection id, its key certificate, and information
about the cryptosystems it supports)
verifies the server's public key, and responds
with a CLIENT-MASTER-KEY message
CLIENT-FINISHED message
SERVER-VERIFY message
REQUEST-CERTIFICATE
CLIENT-CERTIFICATE
SERVER-FINISH
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End of Part Two
Part Three
Experience In The Field
• Early stage in the shift to government online
• The use of Internet is increasing each year
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• E-government relays not only on Internet delivery,
but telephone, digital TV, and kiosk delivery as well
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• New Zealand
Critical issues:
– Leadership;
– Strategy;
– Governance;
– Integration;
– Resourcing;
– Ensuring a focus on citizens;
– Avoiding the digital divide;
– Reskilling government;
– The need for communication.

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• September the 28th, 1999
By the year 2005:
– Electronically registering with central government
– Transacting all dealings with IRD online
– All government forms and all services available online
– People to have their say in the policy-making process
– Authorized accessing records of a person’s health information
– Electronically posting transactions and receiving documentation
– Recording change of address
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• The United States
– Week integration across federal services

or between states and federal government
– Lack of reliable authentication services – no paper ID card
– Digital divide is one of the major barriers
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• New York State’s major projects
– Establishing a statewide IP network;
– Implementing a comprehensive plan;
– Restructuring the state’s data centers;
– “Best Practices” sessions;
– Statewide legislation;
– Cooperation with local governments;
– Reviewing all purchases of technology;
– Participating in projects.
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• Australia
– Federal initiative was to deliver

all Commonwealth services electronically
via the Internet by 2001;
– In 1999, over 18% of all households

had home Internet access (79% of that in major cities),
and still made Australia
one of the most wired countries in the world
– One of the first e-government programs

was Multimedia Victoria (MMV) in Victoria
with initial strategy document in 1995
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• Australia
– The government is also derived into channels:

business, land, health channel, etc.
– Setting up an application
costs between
A$100k and A$200k
– Service providers are charged

80 cents to $2 per transaction.
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• United Kingdom
In 1999, UK published its White Paper:
Modernizing Government
– Electronic Procurement
(making 90% of low-value government procurement
electronic by April 2001);
– Government Business Processes

(equivalence to written and digital documents);
– Service and Information Delivery

(25% by 2001, 50% by 2005, and 100% by 2008);
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– Use of the internet is not as high as in
Scandinavia, the US, or Australia.
– The tax system is very complicated
– No single, integrated national database to be used to roll out ESD
– Opening of e-libraries and placing computers

in schools and neighborhoods
– Number of statutes in the UK that prevent

data gathered for one purpose to be used for another,
and the access to the data is seriously limited
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• Ontario, Canada
– In 1998, an Information & Information Strategy was released
– Too many IT systems with poor evidence of integration

among agencies and weak links to the broader public sector
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– Used technology was incompatible and variety of networks
made it difficult to implement systems across government
– Seven IT clusters were introduced:

Resource/land;
Economics/business;
Human Services;
Justices;
Community Services;
Transportation;
Finance.
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Strategy Planning
Strategy Planning
• Elements of a business case
– The following diagram illustrates some recommended steps

in the development of a business case
for government e-commerce initiatives:
Step 1: Identification of sustainable projects

Step 2: Value chain analysis
Step 3: Implementation
Step 4: Feedback and review
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Strategy Planning
– A list of topics that pertains to public e-commerce projects:
Case Dimension Description
Idea Generation the source and impetus for a new project
an evaluation of the intended potential

Customer and Market Research users and beneficiaries of a project
Technology Development an analysis of the technological resources

necessary to build and service a new project
Risk uncontrollable factors that may jeopardize

implementation or customer adoption of a project
Approval Process the level of authority within the government

required for project initiation
tools used to assess whether or not a project
Success Measures has met its intended goals
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Strategy Planning
• Planning of E-government is characterized with complexity
and deep impact on society
• Issue Driven Planning (IDS)
Telecomm. Digital
Economical Government
+ & + Education + = Society
growth Services
Policy
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Strategy Planning
• Planning issues important for successful development
– Motivation
– Budget
– Result measuring
– Development competency
– Contract and project managing
– Best practice
– Relationship managing
– Technology
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Strategy Planning
• Planning steps:
– Executive appointment
– E-government vision
– Global plan definition:
• Stage I - Strategy (what should be done)
• Stage II - Competency (what could be done)
• Stage III - Implementation (what will be done)
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Strategy Planning
• Strategy planning should start with a meeting:
Business strategy summary

Good practice strategy
Current trends
Current stage evaluation
Business targets report

E-government vision Classification (G2C, G2B, G2E, G2G)
E-government targets Project priority outcome
Project candidates Project interoperability
Project priority criteria Timing schedules
Priority criteria evaluation Alternative resources selection
Alternative resources
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Strategy Planning
• Competency planning - Users and Government
• Users competency:
– Need for eye-to-eye contact
– Cultural and language restrictions
– Handicaps
– Economical status
– Geographical limitations
– Need for education
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Strategy Planning
• E-government competency:
– Leader competency
– Regulatory restrictions
– Handling with digital records
– Privacy and Security
– Central Authority (CIO - Chief Information Officer)

• strategic support
• technical support
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Strategy Planning
• Implementation planning:
Effects
Time Approach
Economical Analysis
Integration
Budget Evaluation
Projects Timing and Resources
Service Schedules
Improvement Marketing Plan
Operational Priorities
Improvement
Profits
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End of Part Three
The End


E-Government - Tutorial - : Reengineering of The Government: Services and Solutions

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Authors: Jasmina Pilipović, jasminap@beotel.yu

• DIGITAL GOVERNMENT APPLICATIONS

Page Number 2/80

Page Number 3/80

• SOME EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDIES IN THE FIELD

Page Number 4/80

• It is connecting Citizens, Suppliers, Employees,

– The standards of the Internet

– The public Internet

Page Number 7/80

Page Number 8/80

– Employees (advertising, education, instructing)

– Businesses (supplying, information, services)

– Citizens (online services, digital democracy)

Page Number 9/80

Page Number 10/80

• The complexity of E-government architecture

– Legal and political constrains

– Standards and protocols of networking

Page Number 12/80

Digital government applications:

G2C G2B G2E G2G

Page Number 13/80

– Various underlying communication technologies

Page Number 14/80

– Various tools and languages for designing

– Static and dynamic contents of WWW

CLIENT The client sends HTTP message to a computer SERVER

The Web server sends the hypermedia

– Unstructured delivery via faxes and e-mails

– Automatic interchange of structured information

– Error and control handling

Page Number 16/80

Page Number 17/80

Electronic Cash can offer such benefits as

Credit Card will be dominant

Page Number 18/80

– Intergovernmental and employees communication,

– Government intranet as basic communicational,

Page Number 19/80

Page Number 20/80

– Endangering rights and freedoms of citizens

– Corruption and organized crime

– Economical and financial malversations

– Monopolization in managing government affairs

Page Number 21/80

– LDAP for Directory services

– HTTP for delivery of client transactions and information

• Agencies participating in E-government

Page Number 22/80

• Hundreds of applications that could be developed

• There are at least four distinct aspects

– Interactive service delivery

Page Number 24/80

– Event calendars, statistics, news

– Flight and train schedules

Page Number 25/80

• Information dissemination problem:

– Expanding the amount of accessible information

– Develop “expert systems” to access information

– Make the Web the first place to put information,