CVA

Instructor : Othman Abu Amriah

Student name : Aya Qattoush
Outline :
• Overview
• Signs & Symptoms
• Causes
• Diagnosis
• Risk factors
• Complications
• Prevention
• Treatment
Overview

• A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of

your brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving
brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. Within
minutes, brain cells begin to die.
Signs & Symptoms

• Trouble with speaking and understanding

• Paralysis or numbness of the face, arm or leg
• Trouble with seeing in one or both eyes
• Headache
• Trouble with walking
• dizziness
Causes

• A stroke may be caused by a blocked artery (ischemic stroke) or the

leaking or bursting of a blood vessel (hemorrhagic stroke). Some
people may experience only a temporary disruption of blood flow to
the brain (transient ischemic attack, or TIA) that doesn't cause
permanent damage.
Ischemic stroke

• About 80 percent of strokes are ischemic strokes. Ischemic strokes

occur when the arteries to your brain become narrowed or blocked,
causing severely reduced blood flow (ischemia).
Cont’
• The most common ischemic strokes include:
1. Thrombotic stroke
2. Embolic stroke
Hemorrhagic stroke

• A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel

ruptures, or hemorrhages, and then prevents blood
from getting to part of the brain. The hemorrhage
may occur in any blood vessel in the brain, or it may
occur in the membrane surrounding the brain.
Cont’
• Types of hemorrhagic stroke include:
1. Intracerebral hemorrhage
2. Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

• sometimes known as a ministroke — is a

temporary period of symptoms similar to those
you'd have in a stroke.
• A temporary decrease in blood supply to part of
your brain causes TIAs, which may last as little
as five minutes.
Cont’
• Like an ischemic stroke, a TIA occurs when a
clot or debris blocks blood flow to part of your
nervous system — but there is no permanent
tissue damage and no lasting symptoms.
Diagnosis
• Physical examination
• Blood tests
• (CT) scan
• (MRI)
• Echocardiogram
• Cerebral angiogram
• Carotid ultrasound
Risk factors

• Being overweight or obese

• Physical inactivity
• Hypertension
• Cigarette smoking
• High cholesterol
• Diabetes
• Cardiovascular disease
• Personal or family history of stroke
• Age
• Sex
Complications

• Paralysis or loss of muscle movement

• Difficulty talking or swallowing
• Memory loss or thinking difficulties
• Emotional problems
• Pain
• Changes in behavior and self-care ability
Prevention

• Controlling high blood pressure (hypertension)

• Lowering the amount of cholesterol and saturated fat in your diet.
• Quitting tobacco use
• Controlling diabetes
• Maintaining a healthy weight
• Exercising regularly
Cont’
• Preventive medications
1. Anti-platelet drugs
2. Anticoagulants
Treatment

• Treatment for stroke depends on the type of

stroke you’ve had. The goal of treatment for
ischemic stroke, for instance, is to restore the
blood flow. Treatments for hemorrhagic stroke
are aimed at controlling the bleeding.
Ischemic stroke treatment
• To treat an ischemic stroke, you may be given a clot-dissolving drug
or a blood thinner. You may also be given aspirin to prevent a
second stroke. Emergency treatment for this type of stroke may
include injecting medicine into the brain or removing a blockage
with a procedure. other procedure: carotid endarterectomy ,
Angioplasty and stents .
Hemorrhagic stroke treatment

• For a hemorrhagic stroke, you may be given a drug that lowers the
pressure in your brain caused by the bleeding. If the bleeding is
severe, you may need surgery to remove excess blood. It’s also
possible that you will need surgery to repair the ruptured blood
vessel.
Reference
• Mayoclinic
• Brunner & Suddarth's textbook of medical-
surgical nursing 12 edition