Drafting as a Language

 Drafting is also known as the “language of industry”

 Industry uses this precise language because the
drawings must communicate the information the
designer had in mind to those who produce the product.
Why Study Drafting?

 Drafting is a form of graphic communication.

 “A picture is worth a thousand words.”

 Meaning - A picture tells a story just as well as a

large amount of descriptive text.
 “A picture is worth a thousand
words.” Steps for Drawing the Pink Panther

Draw the border and title block.

Find the center of the work space.
You can’t draw all the letters listed in alphabetical order.
Draw everything lightly at first & then go back and darken the drawing.
Darken in the eye pupils, eyebrows, & nose last to keep your draw neat.
The drawing on the handout is drawn proportional. That means you can use you compass on the handout to help
find center points. The measurements will not be the correct size, but you will be able to location where the center
points should be on the drawing.
Draw the following items in this order to make the drawing a little easier.
1. Draw A – 16 square boxes 1.5”
2. Draw B – 2” square box – This box isn’t centered on the page. The top of the box is located 5/9 of the
1.5”.
3. Draw the following letters next: C, D, E, G, I, J, the outer ear, & the bottom half to the large circle.
4. Draw the eye pupils. Start with the left pupil. Use a circle template to locate a circle that is tangent to
the left side & top of the 2” square. The right pupil is located on the outside right corner of the 2”
square. Extend the right corner of the 2” square to the 1.5” line.
5. Draw M – center for M is where the eye pupil is tangent to the circle C. Bring the center point used for
the left side straight across to the right eye.
6. Draw K – center for K is 3/9 of the 1.5”. K should be tangent to the eye & stops at a 20° from the center
of the circle.
7. Draw top arc of nose. The center for that arc is the top of G where the 1.5” line intersects the circle. The
arc size is tangent to D and will close to the center of the drawing.
8. Find point H. Swing the arc from the top center of the 2” square & the center of G. Where the two arcs
intersect is point H. Must find that point on both right & left side.
9. Draw the arc for the top nose arc between the eyes. Use point H to swing an arc starting at the center of
the 2” square.
10. Draw the dark part of the nose. Draw a 45° line from the center of the drawing. Where the 45° line
intersects the arc for the nose part between the eyes locates the center for the arc for the opposite side of
the black part of the nose. That arc size starts where the arc intersects the top of nose arc and stops on the
center line of the drawing.
11. Draw the top side parts of the head. The center of this part is located by bring point H straight across to
where it intersects the 1.5” line of the box below that section. The size of this arc for the head is tangent
to I.
12. Draw the lower part of the chin. Use the same center point located for drawing the top side part of the
head. The size of the arc is tangent to the opposite side of circle G.
13. Draw the bottom part of the head. The center point for this arc is located by bringing the top corner of
the 2” square straight across to the 1.5” line. The size of this arc for the head is tangent to I.
14. Draw the lower parts of the ears. The inside lower parts are just perpendicular line from the two circles.
The outside parts are going to be 60° lines tangent to the circles.
15. Draw the arc between the eyes for the top of the head. The center for this arc is the middle point between
point X & point Y. The radius of the arc is located 8.5/9 of the 1.5” line up from the center of the
drawing.
16. Draw arc F. Locate the center of arc F by first drawing a 45° line from the bottom corner of the 2”
square to where it intersects the circle D. Next swing arc F from that intersecting point on D & from the
top of the intersecting point of circle G with the 1.5” line. Where those two arcs intersect draw arc F.
17. Draw N. The center point for N is the center of the drawing. It stops straight across from point H. Draw
a 45° line to make the smile.
18. Draw L. To find the center points for circle L find points X & Y. The center for the top L is from the
midpoint between points X & Y. The arc starts on a 45° line from the center of the drawing and stops on
the bottom of the large circle. Point X is the center for the right inter L and point Y is the center for the
left inter L. The inter L starts on circle D and stops on the bottom of the large circle.
ALPHABET OF LINES

 Industry standard classifying the different types of lines

used in drawings.
 Developed by the American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME).
 Lines are classified by line thickness and drawn thin or
thick.
 Thick lines are typically drawn with a 0.7
mm or 0.9 mm mechanical pencil.
 Thin lines are typically drawn with a 0.3
mm or 0.5 mm mechanical pencil.
LINE TYPES
CONSTRUCTION

 Used to initially lay out a drawing.

 Used for guide lines for lettering.

 Draw very light and thin so they are barely visible.

 Draw with a 0.5 mm pencil.

VISIBLE/OBJECT

These lines are thick and dark

solid (unbroken) lines that are
used on drawings to indicate
the edges and details of an
object.

These lines should be the most prominent on the

drawing as they are drawn thicker (wider) than most
other lines. We will use the 0.9 mm pencil.
 HIDDEN

These lines are medium dashed

lines used to indicate a surface,
edge, or contour of an object
that cannot be seen, or is hidden
from view.

The dashed lines are 1/8” long with a 1/16” space. Hidden lines will be
drawn with a 0.7 mm pencil.
 CENTER

These lines are thin lines made

up of alternating long and short
dashes. They are used to
indicate the center of circles
and of symmetrical features.
Also as an aid in dimensioning.

The short dashed lines are 1/8” long, the

space is 1/16”, & the long line ranges
from 3/4” to 1 ½”. Lines will be drawn
with 0.5 mm pencil
SECTION

Section lines are thin “cross

hatching” lines used in
sectional views to symbolize
different parts of an object or
different materials from which
an object is manufactured.

Section lines are normally drawn at a 45°

with a 0.5 mm pencil.
 DIMENSION, EXTENSION, & LEADER

These lines are thin

lines (0.5 mm)used for
dimensioning
purposes.
Dimension and leader
lines generally end with
arrowheads and are Extension lines aid
accompanied by a dimension lines by extending
number indicating a size the surface of the object so
or location dimensions. it can be dimesioned.
 CUTTING PLANE OR VIEWING
PLANE

These lines are very thick lines

(0.9 mm) that indicate where an
imaginary cutting plane passes
through an object, for viewing or
sectioning purpose.

Arrowheads on both ends of the line

point to the surface to be viewed.
 BREAK

These lines are used to shorten a

view, or to eliminate repetitive
details when an entire view is not
necessary.

Short break lines are thick wavy freehand lines.

Long break lines are thin straight zigzags.
PHANTOM

These lines are thin lines

used to indicate alternate
positions of moving parts,
lines of motion, adjacent
parts and repetitive
details.

They are similar in style to a Cutting Plane

Line, but much thinner in weight.
Hierarchy of Line

 It is not uncommon for line types to coincide or overlap in a drawing.

 When visible lines, hidden lines, or center lines coincide in the same
view, a preferred line is illustrated.

 That chosen line is determined by what is called the Precedence of

Lines.
Hierarchy of Line

 This list ranks the line type precedence

from highest to lowest:
 Object or visible line
 Hidden line
 Cutting plane line
 Center line
 Break line
 Dimension and extension lines
 Sectioning lines
 Hierarchy of Line

In the example you can see where

lines coincide with one another line
from the front view to the side view.
 Hierarchy of Line

The “X” lines are object lines which

overlap the hidden line of the circles
(holes). The object line has
precedence over the hidden line
which means the object line is
drawn.
 Hierarchy of Line

The “Y” line is an

object line which
overlaps the center line
of the large circle. The
object line has
precedence over the
center line which means
the object line is
drawn.
 Hierarchy of Line

The “Z” line is a hidden line.

Although the center line for the
small circle (hole) is in front of the
hidden line, the hidden line has
precedence over the center line
and is therefore shown instead of
the center line.
REVIEW
 Why is drafting considered a universal language?
 Even though people around the world speak different languages, the graphic
language (symbols & line types) has remained common.
 Why is it important to recognize the alphabet of lines?
 The lines in the Alphabet of Lines are used to describe shape, size, hidden
surfaces, interior detail, and alternate positions of parts.
 Each conveys a particular meaning on the drawing.
 What is the hierarchy of lines?
 The order in which lines are drawn when more than one line type is located in
the same location on a drawing.
REVIEW

 What line starts and ends with a dash?

 HIDDEN LINE
 What lines should be the most prominent on the
drawing?
 OBJECT LINE
 What line is drawn the lightest and thinnest for laying
out the drawing?
 CONSTRUCTION LINE

Reference:
 https://slideplayer.com/slide/2483925/
 https://www.academia.edu/36946539/Alphabet_of_Lines