Plastic deformation (PD)

Plastic deformation (PD)

 Plastic deformation (PD)
Types of IDEAL Flow curves
• Rigid-perfectly plastic
– No elastic strain
– Until axial stress reaches to σ 0 (yield strength)
– Then the material flows plastically with NO strain hardening
– Ideal behavior- approached by a ductile metal in highly cold worked
condition
• Elastic-perfectly plastic
– Elastic flow till σ0
– Plastic flow without strain hardening
– Plain carbon steel shows this behavior at yield point (yield point
phenomenon)
• Elastic-linear plastic
– Elastic flow till σ0
– Plastic flow with strain hardening (linear)
• Elastic-multi linear plastic
– approximation of stresses and strains by considering the flow curve
made up of small linear lines each with a different slope
 Plastic deformation (PD)

• Differences of engineering stress and strain at larger values

σT = σ(1 + ε)

εT = ln [1 + ε]
• True strain provides the actual value of strain experienced by
the material.
• Equivalency is observed in while taking sum of incremental
true strains
Plastic deformation (PD)
Engineering strain

True strain
Plastic deformation (PD)
 Strength of perfect crystal

Modes of deformation and

fracture
• Cleavage
– Normal stress
– Fracture surface is perpendicular
to the direction of load/stress
– A brittle fracture.
• Shear
– Parallel stress (shear stress)
– Fracture surface is also parallel
– The specimen distorts
– A ductile fracture
 Strength of perfect crystal

Theoretical strengths
• Assumptions:
– Perfect single crystal
– No defect
– Simple cubic
• Since
– σmax >> τmax,
– Materials are more likely
to shear than to cleave.
Theoretical Vs Experimental Shear Stress
Why so much difference??
 Crystal Defects

• 0D
(Vacancies, interstitials, substitutional atom etc).

• 1D
(Dislocations, partial dislocations etc)

• 2D
(Grain boundaries, twin boundaries etc)

• 3D
(Precipitates, dispersants, inclusions, voids etc)
 Dislocation
• A line defect
• The line around which the atoms are “dislocated” from their mean positions
• These are the primary line defects in solid crystals
• Also the primary cause of plastic deformation in crystals
– It is the line around which the atoms are weakly bonded (relatively at higher energy state)
– It separates the slipped region from un-slipped region
• Three basic types
– Edge
– Screw
– Mixed
 Edge Dislocation

• Taylor-Orowan
Dislocation
• Stresses below and
above the
dislocation line

– Above: the atoms

are squeezed
together are under
compression

– Below: the atoms

are pulled apart
having tensile
stresses
 Screw Dislocation

• Symbols
• Burgers
dislocation
 Burger Circuit
• The dislocation type (i.e., character) depends upon the relationship
between the Burgers vector and the dislocation line. Burgers circuit is
used to define Burgers vector.

• Dislocation line should

be into the plane of
paper
• Make a quadrilateral of
atoms by taking equal
number of atoms on
opposite sides
• The vector which will
complete or join the tail
and head is the Burger
vector
Dislocation
 Mixed Dislocation

• Mostly
mixed
 Characteristics of dislocations
Dislocation Characteristic Type of dislocation
Edge Screw Mixed
Slip Direction (movement of atoms) // to b // to b // to b
Angle between dislocation line and ﬩ // mixed
burger vector
Direction of movement of dislocation // ﬩ Mixed
compared to burger vector
Process by which dislocation can Climb Cross slip Both
leave the slip plane

• The burger vector for the dislocation is always along the closed pack direction (the slip
direction) and is equal to the distance between the centers of two adjacent atoms along
the slip direction.
Comparison between Edge and Screw Dislocations
Edge (Taylor-Orowan) Screw (Burger’s)
An extra half plane inserted into an Originate from partial slipping of a
otherwise perfect lattice section of crystal planes
Compression and tension zones above Shear stresses are associated with the
and below the dislocation line adjacent atoms
respectively
Burger Vector perpendicular to the line Burger Vector parallel to the line
Line moves parallel to burger vector Line moves perpendicular to burger
vector
In one step, the set of atoms has to Each atom has to move 1 burger vector
move one burger vector length length in multiple number of steps
For plastic deformation higher stress is Plastic deformation is possible under
required lower stress
Have preferred slip plane No preferred slip plane
Therefore motion is less restricted
Can glide and climb Only can glide
 Deformation by slip
• Dislocation helps for deformation by slip
• Deformation by slip always occur on densely
packed (or closely packed) planes along close
pack directions
• Because Dislocations do not move with the same
degree of ease on all crystallographic planes of
atoms and in all crystallographic directions
• Slip occurs when the shear stress exceeds a
critical value.
• The atoms of the plane move an integral number
of atomic distances (n times b) along the slip
direction on the slip plane
• And a step is produced on the surface (if it was
polished), which can be observed under
microscope
• The slip plane together with slip direction is
called as slip system
• Certain metals show additional slip systems in
special conditions.