DASAR-DASAR KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK

(FUNDAMENTALS OF PUBLIC POLICY)

Prof. Drs. Y. Warella, MPA, PhD.

Matrikulasi Magister Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat (MIKM)

FKM UNDIP
Semester Ganjil 2018
 UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO
FAKULTAS ILMU KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT

INSTRUCTOR : Y.WARELLA
 DRS: International Relations 1964 –UGM-; YOGYAKARTA;
 MPA: Public Administrations 1975 UNIV of SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA,
LOS ANGELES, USA;
 PhD : Doctor of Philosophy – 1983 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, USC,
LOS ANGELES, California, USA.
 PROFESSOR – UNDIP- 1995
Positions at UNDIP
 Secretary of the Faculty : 1973-1975
 Associate Dean for Academic Affairs 1983-1989
 Dean : 1989-1995
 Secretary of Senate Diponegoro University 1997-2000
 Chairman of MAP Program 2000-2010
 Associate Rector for Academic Affairs 2001-2004
 Director Graduate School UNDIP 2006-2010.

WELCOME ALL STUDENTS

 HONOR CODE

Each student is expected to display professional behavior at all times. By

taking this course, each student pledges:

 To be honest in every way

 Neither to give nor to receive unpermitted aid of any kind on any class work
 Not to miss class unless absolutely necessary
 To attend classes on time
 To complete all class activities on time
 To make appropriate contributions to discussions
 To use professional language
 To eliminate distractions such as cell phone use, laptop computer use unrelated to class activities, or
disruptive side conversations
 To take an active part in seeing to it that all students uphold both the letter and the spirit of the Honor
Code
 HONOR CODE
Examples of conduct that would be regarded as violations of the Honor Code include (but are
not limited to) when a student:

 Lies about the reason for missing the deadline for a class assignment or a quiz
 Takes a quiz and then tells another student (who hasn’t taken the quiz yet) information about the quiz (note
that in this example that both students have violated the Honor Code)
 Copies (by any means and for any reason) any of the questions (or answers) on any of the quizzes or on the
Comprehensive Final Exam
 Attempts to circumvent D2L’s (or any other information service’s) security systems to gain unauthorized
access to resources
 Represents the work of another as one’s own work
 Fails to make appropriate contributions to the Team Project
 Fails to report violations of the Honor Code
This honor code has been influenced (including some word choice) by the Stanford University Honor Code (see: “Honor Code: Stanford University Office of Judicial Affairs,
Office of the Dean of Students” at http://www.stanford.edu/dept/vpsa/judicialaffairs/guiding/honorcode.htm).
The policies, procedures, guidelines, and practices of Minnesota State University Mankato govern situations of disruptive classroom behavior and academic dishonesty (see:
“Disruptive Classroom Behavior and Academic Dishonesty: Academic Referrals” at http://www.mnsu.edu/conduct/referral.html).
DASAR-DASAR KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK
(FUNDAMENTAL OF PUBLIC POLICY)
INTRODUCTION – PENGERTIAN DASAR

Simple term of policy

A set of actions and decisions

Statement of intention
INTRODUCTION – PENGERTIAN DASAR

Simple term of public

Government
Society
INTRODUCTION – PENGERTIAN DASAR

Keputusan,
Kebijakan,
Kebijaksanaan (wisdom)
DEMOCRACY AND PUBLIC POLICY

 Democracy: government by the people, from the people, for

the people
 Trias Politica: Legislatif, Eksekutif, Yudisial
 System Check and Balance
 Representative Democracy
 Electorate system (pilkada, Pileg dan Pilpres)
NKRI – PANCASILA – UUD 1945

 Visi, Misi, Tujuan

 Visi: Alinea ke-2 Pembukaan UUD 1945
"Dan perjuangan pergerakan kemerdekaan Indonesia telah sampailah kepada saat yang berbahagia dengan selamat sentosa
mengantarkan rakyat Indonesia ke depan pintu gerbang kemerdekaan negara Indonesia, yang merdeka, bersatu, berdaulat,
adil dan makmur.“

 Misi/Tujuan: Alinea ke-4 Pembukaan UUD 1945

"Kemudian daripada itu untuk membentuk suatu pemerintah negara Indonesia yang melindungi segenap
bangsa Indonesia dan seluruh tumpah darah Indonesia dan untuk memajukan kesejahteraan umum, mencerdaskan
kehidupan bangsa, dan ikut melaksanakan ketertiban dunia yang berdasarkan kemerdekaan, perdamaian abadi dan
keadilan sosial, maka disusunlah kemerdekaan kebangsaan Indonesia itu dalam suatu Undang-Undang Dasar
negara Indonesia, yang terbentuk dalam suatu susunan negara Republik Indonesia yang berkedaulatan rakyat dengan
berdasar kepada: Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa, kemanusiaan yang adil dan beradab, persatuan Indonesia, dan
kerakyatan yang dipimpin oleh hikmat kebijaksanaan dalam permusyawaratan/perwakilan, serta dengan
mewujudkan suatu keadilan sosial bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia."
PANCASILA – NKRI –UUD 1945 – BHINEKA
TUNGGAL IKA
 Kedaulatan Rakyat, Demokrasi, Sistem Demokrasi Perwakilan
 MPR, DPR, DPD, DPRD
 Pemerintahan Nasional, Provinsi, Kabupaten/Kota, Kecamatan,
Desa/Kelurahan
 RPJPN (Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Nasional), RPJMN
(Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional – Nawacita Presiden
Joko Widodo)
INTRODUCTION

 The study of public policy is firmly grounded in the study of politics, which is as
ancient as human civilization itself.
 Most of the ancient philosophers looked at politics in general, theoretical ways.
 Plato’s Republic – The search for justice. One of Plato’s objectives in the
Republic was to show that justice is worthwhile—that just action is a good in
itself, and that one ought to engage in just activity even when it doesn’t seem to
confer immediate advantage.
 Aristotle’s Politics - Since we see that every city-state is a sort of community and
that every community is established for the sake of some good (for everyone
does everything for the sake of what they believe to be good), it is clear that
every community aims at some good, and the community which has the most
authority of all and includes all the others aims highest, that is, at the good with
the most authority. This is what is called the city-state or political community.
[I.1.1252a1-7]
 The systematic study of public policy is a 20th century
phenomenon.
 Dates to 1922, when political scientist Charles Merriam sought
to connect the theory and practice of politics to understanding
the actual activities of government, that is, public policy.
 Nevertheless, most of the literature on public policy dates back
only about 50 years.
 The study of politics is the attempt to explain the
various ways in which power is exercised in the everyday
world and how that power is used to allocate resources
and benefits to some people and groups, and costs and
burdens to other people and groups.
 The study of public policy is the examination of the creation, by
the government, of the rules, laws, goals, and standards that
determine what government does or does not do to create
resources, benefits, costs, and burdens.
 In studying public policy, we focus on those decisions made (or
implicitly accepted) by government and nongovernmental
actors to address a problem that a significant number of people
and groups consider to be important and in need of a solution.
 A major element of studying and teaching
public policy is the reliance of policy studies
on a broad range of the social sciences.
Table 1.1. Selected Disciplines That Study Public Policy
Discipline Description
Political Science The study of political
relationships; that is, the study
of the processes by which
societies seek to allocate
political power and the benefits
of such power,
Sociology Sociology is the study of social
life, social change, and the
social causes and consequences
of human behavior. Sociologists
investigate the structure of
groups, organizations, and
societies, and how people
interact within these contexts.
Economics The study of the allocation of
resources in a community,
however defined. Economists
study markets and exchanges.
Welfare economists seek to
understand the extent to which
an overall community’s welfare
can be maximized.
Relationship to Public
Policy
The political process is the
process through which policies
are made and enforced.
Community and group activities
are an important part of policy
making, because groups of
people often form to make
demands.
There are many economic
factors that influence public
policy, such as economic
growth, productivity,
employment, and the like. The
tools of economics are often
used to promote policies or to
explain why policies succeed or
fail.
Some important journals
American Political Science
Review, American Journal of
Political Science, Journal of
Politics, Policy, Political
Research Quarterly, Public
Opinion Quarterly
American Sociological Review,
Contemporary Sociology, Journal
of Sociology
American Economic Review,
Econometrica, Journal of
Applied Economics, Journal of
Political Economy.
Table 1.1. Selected Disciplines That Study Public Policy

Discipline Description Relationship to Public Some important journals

Policy

Public Administration The study of the management of
government and nonprofit
organizations, including the
management of information,
money, and personnel to achieve
goals developed through the
democratic process.
The management of public Public Administration Review,
programs is an integral part of the Journal of Public Administration
policy process. PA scholars study Research and Theory
the motivation of program
implementers and targets and
help research innovations to
improve service delivery.

Public Policy The study of what governments
choose to do or not to do,
including studies of the policy
process, policy implementation
and impact, and evaluation.
We give this label to the highly
interdisciplinary study of the
public policy process. Policy
scholars develop theories about
how the policy process works and
develop tools and methods to
analyze how policy is made and
implemented.
Journal of Policy Analysis and
Management, Journal of Public
Policy, Policy Studies Review,
Policy Studies Journal, Journal of
Policy History
WHAT IS PUBLIC POLICY?

 Attributes common to various definitions of public

policy.
 The policy is made in the “public’s” name.
 Policy is generally made or initiated by government.
 Policy is interpreted and implemented by public and private
actors.
 Policy is what the government intends to do.
 Policy is what the government chooses not to do.
WHAT IS PUBLIC POLICY ?

1. J.E.Anderson , 1975 :
Public policy is a purposive course of action followed by govern-ment in dealing with
some topic or mater of public concern
2. D.Easton , 1953 :
Public policy is the authoritative allocation of values for the whole society
3. T.R.Dye , 1978 :
Public policy is whatever govrnments choose to do or not to do
4. C.L.Chochran & E.F.Malone , 1995 :
Public policy consists of political decisions for implementing pro-grams to achieve
societal goals

22
WHAT IS PUBLIC POLICY ?

5. William Jenkins ( 1978 )

Public policy -- “ as a set of interrelated decisions taken by a political
actor or group of actors concerning the selection of
goals and the means of achieving them within a
specified situation where those decisions should , in
principle, be within the power of those actors to achieve “

23
OTHER DISTINCTIONS REGARDING POLICY

1. Public policies are constantly changing as they're shaped and reshaped

modified and changed and sometimes rejected for new policies
2. Public policy must be inferred from the actions and behavior of the
many government agencies and officials involved in policy making over
time
3. Policy is a process, or an historical series of intentions, actions, it is not
something that can be captured by pulling out a single event or decision
4. Policy is complex in that it takes place on multiple levels
5. Policy is an analytic category used by researchers and social scientists
who study government activity
WHAT MAKES PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC?

 The dominant ideological foundation of US constitutional

system is classical liberalism.
 John Locke.

 Power derives from the consent of the governed.

 Thus, government actions must be in the “public interest”.

 But people differ dramatically in what is the public interest.

 Commercial interests versus environmentalists.
WHAT MAKES PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC?

 Not even the most intense policy advocates are interested in

every issue.

 We delegate the power to make policies in our names to elected

officials. However, we retain our interest in the outcome and
our right to promote particular policies at any time.
 THE POLICY CYCLE AND THE INFORMATION CYCLE

Problem Definition
Forecasting needs,
defining targets
Policy Design
Agenda
Defining nature
Setting size, distributions Decision
of problem analysis

Political
Opinion polls,
feasibility analysis
surveys,
Termination
etc. Policy
Summative
Formative Legitimation
evaluation
evaluation

Impact Implementation
Source : W.Persons, 1997, public policy
WHY DO WE STUDY PUBLIC POLICY?

 To know more about the process for its own sake.

 To know more about the process to inform practitioners.
 To learn how to promote preferred policy options.
WHY STUDY PUBLIC POLICY ?

Scientific Reasons. Public Policy can be

studied in order to gain greater knowledge
about its origins, the prosesses by which it is
developed, and its consequences for society.
Professional Reasons. Don K. Price makes a
distinction between the “Scientific estate” which
seeks only to discover knowledge, and
“professional estate” which strives to apply
scientific knowledge to the solution of pratical
social problems.

Political Reasons. The study of public policy

should be directed toward ensuring that
governments adopt appropriate policies to attain
the right goals.
 DUA ALIRAN KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK

 Kontinentalis
Kebijakan Publik adalah turunan dari hukum, mempersamakan
kebijakan publik dan hukum, utamanya hukum publik maupun
hukum tata negara, dilihat sebagai proses interaksi diantara
institusi-institusi negara

 Anglo-Saxonis
Kebijakan Publik adalah turunan dari politik-demokrasi, dilihat
sebagai produk interaksi antara negara dan publik
CHARACTERISTIC OF PUBLIC POLICY

 Explicitly problem oriented, quite consciously addressing public policy

problems and recommendations for their relief.

 Distinctively multidisciplinary in their intellectual and practical approaches;

the reasoning is straightforward.

 Consciously and explicitly value oriented; in many cases the central theme
deals with the democratic ethos and human dignity
BENTUK KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK

Bentuk Pertama Kebijakan Publik

 yaitu peraturan perundangan yang terkodisfikasi secara formal dan legal.

 Pasal 7 UU No. 12 Tahun 2011 tentang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan, jenis dan
hierarki peraturan perundang-undangan terdapat tujuh tingkatan , yaitu:
a) Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945
b) Ketetapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat
c) Undang-Undang/Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang
d) Peraturan Pemerintah
e) Peraturan Presiden
f) Peraturan Daerah Provinsi
g) Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten/Kota
PERATURAN PERUNDANGAN DI LUAR
PASAL 7 UU NO. 12 TAHUN 2011
 Peraturan-peraturan yang ditetapkan oleh:
 MPR, DPR, MA, MK, BPK, Komisi Yudisial, Bank Indonesia, Menteri,
Badan, Lembaga atau Komisi yang setingkat yang dibentuk oleh perintah
UU, DPR, Daerah Provinsi, Gubernur, DPRD Kabupate/Kota,
Bupati/Walikota, Kepala Desa atau yang setingkat
 Peraturan Perundang-Undangan sebagaimana di atas diakui
keberadaannya dan mempunyai kekuatan hukum mengikat sepanjang
diperintahkan oleh Peraturan perundang-undangan yang lebih tinggi atau
dibentuk berdasarkan kewenangan.
BENTUK KEDUA KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK

 Berbentuk pernyataan pejabat publik

 Siapakah pejabat publik? Pejabat publik dapat
dikelompokkan menjadi 2 yaitu:
 Pejabat Negara
 Pejabat Administratif
1) Pejabat negara, yaitu :
1. Pejabat Legislatif, yaitu Ketua dan Anggota MPR, DPR, DPD dan DPRD
2. Pejabat Yudikatif, Pimpinan Mahkamah Agung, Pimpinan Mahkamah
Konstitusi, Pimpinan Komisi Yudisial
3. Pejabat Eksekutif, yaitu :
a. Presiden dan Wakil Presiden
b. Menteri dan Pejabat Pemerintah Setingkat Menteri
c. Gubernur dan Wakil Gubernur
d. Duta Besar
e. Bupati/Wakil Bupati dan Walikota/Wakil Walikota
4. Pejabat Akuntatif, yaitu Pimpinan Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan

5. Pejabat Lembaga Publik Semi-Negara, termasuk diantaranya

lembaga KPK, Komnas HAM, KPPU, hingga badan-badan regulator
infrastruktur publik, seperti Badan Regulator Telekomunikasi
Indonesia dan Badan Regulator Air Minum PAM Jakarta
2) Pejabat Administratif, yaitu :

1. Pejabat Struktural Pusat (Eselon I dan II)

2. Pejabat Struktural Daerah Propinsi (Eselon I dan II)

3. Pejabat Struktural Kabupaten/Kota Madya (Eselon II dan III)
4. Para Pejabat Humas Pemerintah
5. Pejabat Pimpinan Pelaksana di tingkat bawah (Camat dan Kepala
Desa/Lurah)
Ucapan pejabat publik di depan public – yang disebut kebijakan publik –
harus:
1. Berisikan kebenaran
2. Konsisten, karena mencerminkan lembaganya
3. Apabila berkenaan dengan hal-hal yang harus dengan segera
diimplementasikan oleh struktur dibawahnya, sudah dikomunikasikan
terlebih dahulu dengan struktur dibawahnya, dan sudah siap dengan
manajemen implementasinya
4. Apabila berkenaan dengan hal-hal yang masih bersifat konsep atau
rencana, harus disampaikan secara jelas bahwa yang dinyatakannya
adalah konsep atau rencana
 Tujuan Kebijakan Publik

 Mendistribusi sumber daya negara kepada masyarakat, termasuk alokatif,

realokatif, dan redistribusi, versus mengabsorbsi atau menyerap sumber
daya ke dalam negara
 Regulatif versus deregulatif
 Dinamisasi versus stabilisasi
 Memperkuat negara versus memperkuat masyarakat/pasar
FAKTOR STRATEGIS YANG BERPENGARUH DALAM
PERUMUSAN KEBIJAKAN

 Faktor Politik/Ideologi
Perlu dipertimbangkan, karena dalam perumusan kebijakan diperlukan
dukungan dari berbagai aktor kebijakan (policy actors), baik dari
kalangan pemerintah maupun bukan pemerintah

Isi kebijakan akan sangat diwarnai / dipengaruhi oleh visi dan

kepentingan aktor kebijakan tersebut
FAKTOR STRATEGIS YANG BERPENGARUH DALAM
PERUMUSAN KEBIJAKAN

 Faktor Ekonomi/Finansial
Perlu dipertimbangkan terutama apabila kebijakan tersebut akan
menggunakan dana yang cukup besar atau akan berpengaruh pada
situasi ekonomi dalam negara
Indikator yang perlu diperhatikan antara lain : tingkat inflasi dan
hutang LN, daya beli dan pendapatan perka-pita penduduk, potensi
daerah dan komoditas unggulan, dsb
FAKTOR STRATEGIS YANG BERPENGARUH DALAM
PERUMUSAN KEBIJAKAN

 Faktor Administratif/Organisatoris
Perlu dipertimbangkan apakah dalam pelaksanaan kebijakan itu benar-
benar akan didukung oleh kemampuan administratif yang memadai,
atau apakah sudah ada organisasi yang akan melaksanakan kebijakan
itu
FAKTOR STRATEGIS YANG BERPENGARUH DALAM
PERUMUSAN KEBIJAKAN

 Faktor Teknologi
Perlu mempertimbangkan apakah teknologi yang ada dapat mendukung,
apabila kebijakan tersebut akan diimplementasikan
 Faktor Sosial, Budaya, Agama dan Hukum
Perlu dipertimbangkan apakah kebijakan tersebut tidak
menimbulkan benturan sosial, budaya dan agama atau yang sering
disebut masalah SARA
 Faktor Pertahanan dan Keamanan
Perlu dipertimbangkan apakah kebijakan yang akan dikeluarkan ini
tidak akan mengganggu stabilitas keamanan negara.
FAKTOR DI ATAS AKAN MENJADI
KRITERIA DALAM MENENTUKAN
FEASIBILITAS (KELAYAKAN) DARI
ALTERNATIF KEBIJAKAN
YANG AKAN DIPILIH
 TINGKATAN KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK

LINGKUP NASIONAL

KEBIJAKAN NASIONAL
• Kebijakan negara yang bersifat fundamental dan stra-
tegis dalam pencapaian tujuan nasional.
• Wewenang MPR dan Presiden bersama-sama dengan
DPR
• Bentuk : UUD, TAP MPR, UU, PERPU
KEBIJAKAN UMUM
• Kebijakan Presiden sebagai pelaksana UUD, TAP MPR,
UU, guna mencapai tujuan nasional
• Wewenang Presiden
• Bentuk : PP, KEPPRES, INPRES

KEBIJAKAN PELAKSANAAN
• Penjabaran dari kebijakan umum sebagai strategi
pelaksanaan tugas di bidang tertentu
• Wewenang : menteri / pejabat setingkat menteri dan
pimpinan LPND
• Bentuk : Peraturan, Keputusan, Instruksi Pejabat
tertentu
 LINGKUP WILAYAH / DAERAH

KEBIJAKAN UMUM
• Kebijakan Pemerintah Daerah sebagai pelaksanaan
asas Desentralisasi dalam rangka mengatur urusan
Rumah Tangga Daerah
• Wewenang Kepala Daerah bersama DPRD
• Bentuk : PERDA

KEBIJAKAN PELAKSANAAN
• Wewenang : Kepala Daerah atau Kepala Wilayah
• Bentuk : Keputusan Kepala Daerah dan Instruksi
Kepala Daerah atau Keputusan Kepala Wilayah
dan Instruksi kepala Wilayah
PROSES KEBIJAKAN SECARA UMUM
Evaluasi
Kebijakan
Monitoring
Kebijakan

Isu Perumusan Implementasi Kinerja Pelanjutan

Kebijakan Kebijakan Kebijakan Kebijakan Kebijakan

Revisi
Isu Kebijakan Kebijakan
(baru) Penghentian
Kebijakan x

Lingkungan Kebijakan
Implication of concepts of public policy:

First : purposive or goal-oriented action rather than random or

chance behavior.
Second : policy concists of courses or patterns of action by
governmental officials rather than their separate discrete decisions.
Third : policy is what governments actually do.
Fourth : public policy may be either positive or negative in form.
Fifth : public policy at least in its positive form, is based on law and
is authoritative.
 BEBERAPA TERMINOLOGI PENTING

Policy demands are those demands or claims made upon public officials by
other actors, private or official, in the political system for action or inaction on
some percieved problem.

Policy decisions are decisions made by public officials that authorize or

given direction and content to public policy actions.
Policy statements are the formal expressions or articulations of
public policy.

Policy outputs are the “tangible manifestations” of public

policies, the thing actually done in pursuance of policy decision and
statements.

Policy outcomes are the consequences for society, intended or

unintended, that flow from action or inactions by government.
 POLITICAL SYSTEMS THEORY
Ecological
System The
The Intra Political
Biological Societal System
THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT

System Environment

Personality Information
Systems Feedback
A
U
Social The Conversion T
Systems Flew I Demands of Demands
of H
N O
Effects from P R Outputs
U I T
International
Political nts T Support I
e e E
Systems Th ironm
Env S
Info Outputs
International
Ecological Information
Systems The Extra Feedback
Societal
International Environment
Social
Systems
PROSES / KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK
SIKLUS Faktor-Faktor Strategis :
Politik, Ekonomi / Finansial
Admin / Organisatoris, Teknologi, Sosbud,
PERUMUSAN
KEBIJAKAN :
Agama, Hankam
S/D Dipilihnya alternatif

EVALUASI IMPLEMENTASI
KEBIJAKAN KEBIJAKAN : • Keb. Langsung
• Keb. Tidak Langsung
• Keb. Campuran

MONITORING
KEBIJAKAN : • “Policy Output”
• “Policy Impact”
 Low
• Family and Community
• Voluntary Organization
• Private Markets

Voluntary
Instruments
• Information and Exhortation
• Subsidies
• Auction of Property Rights
Mixed

• Tax and User Charges

Instruments

• Regulation
• Public Enterprises
• Direct Provision
A Spectrum Of Policy Instruments

ruments
CompulsoryInst
High
INSTRUMENTS OF POLICY

 Regulation
 Government management
 Taxing and spending
 Market mechanisms
 Education and information

56
9. THE POLICY PROCESS :
The Framework for Analisys

Functional Catagorized With A Potential

Activities In Government Product
Perception/definition Problems to Problem
Aggregation Organization government
Representation Demand
Agenda Setting
Access Priorities
Formulation
Legitimation Action in Proposal
Budgeting government Program
Budget (resource)
Implementation
Government to Varies (services, payments,
Problems facilities, controls)

Evaluation Varies (justification,

Adjusment / Program to recommendation, change,
termination government solution)
 Activities Questions
1. Perception / What is the problem to which this proposal is
definition directed ?
2. Aggregation How many people think it is an important
problem ?
3. Organization How well organized are these people?
4. Representation How is access to decision makers maintained ?
5. Agenda setting How is agenda status achieved ?
6. Formulation What is the proposed solution ?
Who developed it and how ?
7. Legitimation Who supports it and how is majority support
maintained ?
 Activities Questions
8. Budgeting How much money is provided ?
Is it perceived as sufficient ?
9. Implementation Who administers it and how do they maintain support ?
10. Evaluation Who judges its achievements and by what methods ?
11. Adjustment / What adjusment have been made and how did they
termination come about ?
RENTETAN KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK SANGAT BANYAK, NAMUN
SECARA SEDERHANA DAPAT DIKELOMPOKKAN MENJADI 3,
YAITU :

1. Kebijakan publik yang bersifat makro atau umum, atau mendasar yaitu Pasal 7 UU
No. 12 Tahun 2011
2. Kebijakan publik yang bersifat messo atau menengah, atau penjelas pelaksanaan.
Kebijakan ini dapat berbentuk Peraturan Menteri, Surat Edaran Menteri, Peraturan
Gubernur, Peraturan Bupati dan Peraturan Walikota. Dapat pula berbentuk Surat
Keputusan Bersama atau SKB antar-menteri, gubernur, dan bupati atau walikota
3. Kebijakan publik yang bersifat mikro adalah kebijakan yang mengatur pelaksanaan
atau implementasi kebijakan diatasnya. Bentuknya adalah peraturan yang
dikelurakan oleh aparat publik dibawah menteri, gubernur, bupati, dan walikota
 DISTRIBUTIVE, REDISTRIBUTIVE AND
REGULATORY POLICIES

Distributive Policy

Kebijakan yang mengatur tentang pemberian pelayanan kepada individu-individu atau

kelompok perusahaan
Contoh : Tax Holiday
Redistributive Policy

Kebijaksanaan yang mengatur tentang pemindahan alokasi kekayaan, pemilikan atau hak-hak
Contoh : pembebasan tanah untuk kepentingan umum
Regulatory Policy

Kebijakan yang mengatur tentang pembatasan /pelarangan terhadap perbuatan / tindakan

Contoh : larangan memiliki dan menggunakan senjata api
 Tujuan Kebijakan Publik

• Mendistribusi sumber daya negara kepada masyarakat,

termasuk alokatif, realokatif, dan redistribusi, versus
mengabsorbsi atau menyerap sumber daya ke dalam negara
• Regulatif versus deregulatif
• Dinamisasi versus stabilisasi
• Memperkuat negara versus memperkuat masyarakat/pasar
 DAFTAR PUSTAKA

1. Anderson, James E. (Ed), Cases in Public Policy-Making, CBS Colege Publishing, New York:1982
2. Considine, Mark, Public Policy: A Critical Approach, Macmillian Education, Melbourne: 1994
3. Dewey, John, The Public and Its Problems, Swallow Press, New York: 1991
4. Howlett, Michael and M. Ramesh, Studying Public Policy: Policy Cycles and Policy Subsystem, Oxford
Publishing, New York: 1992
5. Hill, Michael, The Policy Process: A Reader, Prentice Hall, Essex: 1997
6. Hill, Michael, The Policy Process in the Modern State, Pearson Education, New York, 1997
7. Hill, Michael and Peter Hupe, Implementing Public Policy, Sage Publication, London: 2002
8. Kelman, Steven, Making Public Policy: A Hopeful View of American Government, BasicBooks, New York: 1987
9. Kismartini dkk, Analisis Kebijakan Publik, Penerbit universitas Terbuka, Jakarta: 2005
10. Moran, Michael and Martin Rein and Robert Goodwin (Ed), The Oxford Handbook of Public Policy, Oxford
University Press, New York: 2006
11. Nugroho, Riant D., Kebijakan Publik: Formulasi Implementasi dan Evaluasi, Elex Media Komputindo, Jakarta:
2003
12. Parsons, Wayne, Public Policy: Pengantar Teori dan Praktik Analisis Kebijakan, Prananda Media, Jakarta: 2005.
13. Palumbo, Dennis J. and Marvin A. Harder, Implementing Public Policy, Lexington Books, Toronto: 1981
14. Quade, E.S., Analysis for Public Decision, Elsevier Science Publishing, New York: 1982
15. Weimer, David L. and Aidan R. Vining, Policy Analysis: Concepts and Practice, Prentice Hall, London: 1999
16. Wibawa, Samodra, Kebijakan Publik: Proses dan Analisis, Intermedia, Jakarta: 1994
Terima kasih