(Group 6)

 The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is

the series of events that take place in
a cell leading to duplication of its DNA
(DNA replication) and division of
cytoplasm and organelles to produce two
daughter cells.
 In bacteria, which lack a cell nucleus, the cell
cycle is divided into the B, C, and D periods.
The B period extends from the end of cell
division to the beginning of DNA replication.
DNA replication occurs during the C period.
The D period refers to the stage between the
end of DNA replication and the splitting of the
bacterial cell into two daughter cells.
 In cells with a nucleus, as in eukaryotes, the cell
cycle is also divided into two main
stages: interphase and the mitotic (M) phase
(including mitosis and cytokinesis).
 G1 (Gap 1 Phase)
-The first phase of the cell cycle in eukaryotic division
-The cell synthesize mRNA and proteins for mitosis
 S (Synthesis Phase)
-DNA is replicated
 G2 (Gap 2 Phase)
-The cell reproduces its organelles and makes sure
everything is ready for the split.
 Mitosis is a process where a single cell
divides into two identical daughter cells (cell
division).
 During mitosis one cell divides to
form two identical cells
 The major purpose of mitosis is for growth and
to replace worn out cells.
 If not corrected in time, mistakes made during
mitosis can result in changes in the DNA that
can potentially lead to genetic disorders.
(Mutation)
Interphase
-The DNA in the cell is copied in preparation for cell
division, this results in two identical full sets
of chromosomes.
-Outside of the nucleus are two centrosomes, each
containing a pair of centrioles, these structures are critical
for the process of cell division.
-During interphase, microtubules extend from these
centrosomes.
Prophase
-The chromosomes condense into X-shaped structures
that can be easily seen under a microscope.
-The chromosomes condense into X-shaped structures
that can be easily seen under a microscope.
-The chromosomes pair up so that both copies of
chromosome 1 are together, both copies of chromosome 2 are
together, and so on.
-At the end of prophase the membrane around the
nucleus in the cell dissolves away releasing the
chromosomes.
-The mitotic spindle, consisting of the microtubules
and other proteins, extends across the cell between the
centrioles as they move to opposite poles of the cell.
Prometaphase
-the nuclear membrane breaks apart into numerous
"membrane vesicles", and the chromosomes inside form
protein structures called kinetochores
-Kinetochore microtubules emerging from the
centrosomes at the poles (ends) of the spindle reach the
chromosomes and attach to the kinetochores, throwing the
chromosomes into agitated motion
-Other spindle microtubules make contact with
microtubules coming from the opposite pole.
-Forces exerted by protein "motors" associated with
spindle microtubules move the chromosomes toward the
centre of the cell.
Metaphase
-The chromosomes line up neatly end-to-end along
the centre (equator) of the cell.
-The centrioles are now at opposite poles of the cell
with the mitotic spindle fibres extending from them.
-The mitotic spindle fibres attach to each of the sister
chromatids.
Anaphase
-The sister chromatids are then pulled apart
by the mitotic spindle which pulls one chromatid
to one pole and the other chromatid to the
opposite pole.
Telophase and Cytokinesis
-At each pole of the cell a full set of chromosomes
gather together.
-A membrane forms around each set of
chromosomes to create two new nuclei.
-The single cell then pinches in the middle to form
two separate daughter cells each containing a full set of
chromosomes within a nucleus. This process is known as
cytokinesis.
 Meiosis is a process where a single cell divides
twice to produce four cells containing half the
amount of genetic information as the original
parent cell. These cells are our sex cells – sperm in
males, eggs in females.
 During meiosis one cell divides twice to
form four daughter cells. – diploid
 These four daughter cells only have half the number
of chromosomes of the parent cell – they are haploid.
 Meiosis produces our sex cells or gametes (eggs in
females and sperm in males).
Meiosis I

Interphase
-The DNA in the cell is copied resulting in two
identical full sets of chromosomes.
-Outside of the nucleus are two centrosomes, each
containing a pair of centrioles, these structures are critical
for the process of cell division.
-During interphase, microtubules extend from these
centrosomes
Meiosis I

Prophase I
-The copied chromosomes condense into X-shaped
structures that can be easily seen under a microscope.
-Each chromosome is composed of two sister
chromatids containing identical genetic information.
-The chromosomes pair up so that both copies of
chromosome 1 are together, both copies of chromosome 2 are
together, and so on.
-The pairs of chromosomes may then exchange bits of
DNA in a process called recombination or crossing over.
-At the end of Prophase I the membrane around the nucleus
in the cell dissolves away, releasing the chromosomes.
-The meiotic spindle, consisting of microtubules and
other proteins, extends across the cell between the centrioles.
Meiosis I

Metaphase I
-The chromosome pairs line up next to each other
along the centre (equator) of the cell.
-The centrioles are now at opposites poles of the cell
with the meiotic spindles extending from them.
-The meiotic spindle fibres attach to one
chromosome of each pair.
Meiosis I

Anaphase I
-The pair of chromosomes are then pulled apart by
the meiotic spindle, which pulls one chromosome to one
pole of the cell and the other chromosome to the opposite
pole.
-In meiosis I the sister chromatids stay together. This
is different to what happens in mitosis and meiosis II.
Meiosis I

Telophase I and Cytokinesis

-The chromosomes complete their move to the
opposite poles of the cell.
-At each pole of the cell a full set of chromosomes
gather together.
-A membrane forms around each set of
chromosomes to create two new nuclei.
-The single cell then pinches in the middle to form
two separate daughter cells each containing a full set of
chromosomes within a nucleus. This process is known as
cytokinesis.
Meiosis II

Prophase II
-Now there are two daughter cells, each with 23
chromosomes (23 pairs of chromatids).
-In each of the two daughter cells the
chromosomes condense again into visible X-shaped
structures that can be easily seen under a microscope.
-The membrane around the nucleus in each
daughter cell dissolves away releasing the chromosomes.
-The centrioles duplicate.
-The meiotic spindle forms again.
Meiosis II

Metaphase II
-In each of the two daughter cells the
chromosomes (pair of sister chromatids) line up
end-to-end along the equator of the cell.
-The centrioles are now at opposites poles in
each of the daughter cells.
-Meiotic spindle fibres at each pole of the cell
attach to each of the sister chromatids.
Meiosis II

Anaphase II
-The sister chromatids are then pulled to
opposite poles due to the action of the meiotic
spindle.
-The separated chromatids are now
individual chromosomes.
Meiosis II

Telophase II and Cytokinesis

-The chromosomes complete their move to the
opposite poles of the cell.
-At each pole of the cell a full set of chromosomes
gather together.
-A membrane forms around each set of
chromosomes to create two new cell nuclei.
-This is the last phase of meiosis, however cell
division is not complete without another round of
cytokinesis.
-Once cytokinesis is complete there are four
granddaughter cells, each with half a set of
chromosomes (haploid):
 in males, these four cells are all sperm cells