Sub-Station

• A substation is a high-voltage electric facility

containing equipment to regulate and distribute
electrical energy. While some substations are
small with little more than a transformer and
associated switches, other substations are large
and complex.
• Functions of a substation include receiving power
from a generating facility, regulating distribution,
stepping voltage up and down, limiting power
surges, and converting power from direct current
to alternating current or vice versa.
 Classification of substations
• According to service requirement
• According to constructional features
A typical Sub-station
Block diagram of typical electric supply
system indicating the position of
various substations
Major components of a substation
• Bus-bars
• Insulators
• Isolating switches
• Circuit Breaker
• Power transformers
• Instrument transformers
• Metering and indicating instruments
 Single Bus -bar
This arrangement involves one main bus with
all circuits connected directly to the bus. The
reliability of this type of arrangement is very low.
The maintenance of the bus and breakers would
require the outage of the total system and the line.
 Single Bus -bar
• As the name suggests, it consists of a single bus-
bar and all the incoming and outgoing lines are
connected to it. The chief advantages of this type
of arrangement are low initial cost, less
maintenance and simple operation. However, the
principal disadvantage of single bus-bar system is
that if repair is to be done on the bus-bar or a
fault occurs on the bus, there is a complete
interruption of the supply. This arrangement is
not used for voltages exceeding 33kV. The indoor
11kV sub-stations often use single bus-bar
arrangement.
Single Bus -bar
Single Bus –bar with sectionalisation
Double Bus-bar with single breaker
Double Bus-bar with double breaker
This configuration provides a very high
reliability by having two separate available to
each circuit but a high capital cost.
 Breaker and a Half
This configuration has the highest reliability
and flexibility during maintenance, but,
ultimately, has the highest cost.
 Main and Transfer Bus
Since all circuits are connected to a single, main bus,
reliability of the system is not very high. However, with the
transfer bus available during maintenance, de-energizing of
the circuit can be avoided. This arrangement is slightly
expensive than the single bus arrangement, but does provide
flexibility during maintenance.
 Ring Bus
For a failure on a circuit, the two adjacent breakers will
trip without affecting the rest of the system. However, a
breaker failure or breakers that fail to trip will require adjacent
breakers to be tripped to isolate the fault. Maintenance on a
circuit breaker in this scheme can be accomplished without
interrupting any circuit. The cost is also comparable to Double
Bus, Single Breaker scheme and Main and Transfer Bus
scheme.
 Equipment Grounding
Ungrounded enclosure

Enclosure connected to neutral wire (a)

Enclosure connected to neutral wire (b)

Ground wire connected to enclosure

System Grounding
System Grounding
Ungrounded neutral System
Ungrounded neutral System
Ungrounded neutral System
Neutral Grounding
Methods of Grounding – Solid grounding
Methods of Grounding – Resistance grounding
 Methods of Grounding – Reactance grounding

Methods of Grounding – Arc Suppression coil

Methods of Grounding – Arc Suppression coil