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INTRODUCTION
RESEARCH IS A SYSTEMATIC &
OBJECTIVE IVESTIGATION OF A
SUBJECT/PROBLEM SO AS TO
DISCOVER RELEVANT
INFORMATION OR PRINCIPLES.
OBJECTIVES
– EXPLORATORY OR FORMULATIVE
– DESCRIPTIVE
– DIAGNOSTIC
– EXPERIMENTAL
• TYPES :
– FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH
– APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH APPROACHES
• QUALITATIVE APPROACH
• QUANTITATIVE APPROACH
– INFERENTIAL
– EXPERIMENTAL
– SIMULATION
• RESEARCH METHODOLOGY IS A
SYSTEMATIC & SCIENTIFIC WAY TO
SOLVE THE RESEARCH PROBLEMS.
• BUSINESS RESEARCH IS A
SYSTEMATIC & OBJECTIVE SEARCH
FOR & ANALYSIS OF ANY PROBLEM IN
BUSINESS & MANAGEMENT FIELDS.
• APPLIED & DECISIONAL RESEARCH
• PROVIDES INFORMATION TO
– IDENTIFY
– STRUCTURE and
– SOLVE A BUSINESS / MANAGEMENT
PROBLEM
FUNCTIONS
• TO PROVIDE INFORMATIONAL &
ANALYTICAL INPUTS FOR EFFECTIVE :
– EVALUATION OF PAST BUSINESS
RESULTS
– CONTROL OF PRESENT BUSINESS /
MANAGERIAL OPERATIONS
– PLANNING OF FUTURE BUSINESS /
MANAGERIAL ACTIVITIES
USEFUL IN ALL FOUR PHASES
OF ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS
• SETTING GOALS & SELECTING
STRATEGIES
• DEVELOPING BUSINESS PLANS
• PUTTING PLANS INTO ACTIONS
• EVALUATING THEIR EFFECTIVENESS
OBJECTIVES
• DECISION MAKING
• PROJECT
• POLICY
• CONTROLLING
• ENVIRONMENTAL
• MARKET
• PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
• CUSTOMER SATISFACTION
• PROFIT
• PROMOTIONAL
• CORPORATE IMAGE OBJECTIVES
FEATURES OF A GOOD
RESEARCH
• PURPOSE – WELL DEFINED & RELEVANT
• SYSTEMATIC & PLANNED APPROACH
• OBJECTIVITY & HIGH ETHICAL STANDARD
• CO-ORDINATION OF DATA COLLECTION &
DATA ANALYSIS ACTIVITIES
• ADEQUATE ANALYSIS
• FINDINGS PRESENTED & CONCLUSIONS
JUSTIFIED
• CONTROLLING OF RESEARCH
RESEARCH PROCESS
• SYSTEMATIC ENQUIRY: CAREFUL
PLANNING OF ORDERLY
INVESTIGATION PROCESS.
• DETERMINANTS OF A RESEARCH
PROCESS:
– NATURE OF THE PROBLEM
– THE RESEARCHER
– THE RESPONDENT
– THE CLIENT
STAGES IN RESEARCH
PROCESS
• DEFINING THE PROBLEM
• STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH
OBJECTIVE (S)
• PLANNING THE RESEARCH DESIGN
• PLANNING THE SAMPLE
• COLLECTING THE DATA
• ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION
• FORMULATING CONCLUSIONS
• PREPARING & PRESENTING THE
REPORT
DEFINING THE PROBLEM
• IDENTIFICATION & FORMULATION
• TRANSLATING THE MANAGEMENT
PROBLEMS INTO A RESEARCH
PROBLEM
• USE OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
DEFINING THE PROBLEM
• COMPONENTS OF A PROBLEM:
– DECISION MAKER (S) & HIS/HER
OBJECTIVE (S)
– ENVIRONMENT/CONTEXT OF THE
PROBLEM
– ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION
– SET OF CONSEQUENCES &
UNCONTROLLABLE EVENTS
– STATE OF DOUBT
STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH
OBJECTIVE (S)
• AFTER CLARIFYING & IDENTIFYING
• FORMAL STATEMENT:
– IN QUALITATIVE OR QUANTITATIVE
TERMS
– AS RESEARCH QUESTION-STATEMENT
OR AS RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
PLANNING THE RESEARCH
DESIGN
• TREATEMENT:
– NATURE OF THE PROBLEM
– EXTENT/LEVEL OF EXISTING
KNOWLEDGE
• SELECTION OF A RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY:
– EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
– NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
• DEVELOPMENT OF A RESEARCH DESIGN
PLANNING THE RESEARCH
DESIGN
• RESEARCH DESIGN IS A PLANNED
FRAMEWORK FOR RESEARCH PLAN OF
ACTION.
• IT SPECIFIES THE PROCEDURE FOR
CONDUCTING RESEARCH STUDY.
• TYPES:
– EXPLORATORY RESEARCH DESIGN
– DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
– EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
PLANNING THE SAMPLE
• SAMPLING: DUE TO PRACTICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
• SPECIFICATION OF:
– RELEVANT POPULATION
– PROCESS OF SELECTION:
• PROBABILITY SAMPLING
• NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
– SIZE OF SAMPLE:
• STATISTICAL APPROACH
• PRACTICAL APPROACH
COLLECTING THE DATA
• TYPE:
– PRIMARY DATA
– SECONDARY DATA
• METHOD OF COLLECTION:
– COMMUNICATION METHOD (SURVEY):
• PERSONAL ENQUIRY METHOD
• MAILED QUESTIONNAIRE
• ENUMERATION THROUGH SCHEDULE
– OBSERVATION METHOD
• MEASUREMENT & SCALING TECHNIQUES
PROCESSING & ANALYSING
THE DATA
• PROCESSING: EDITING, CODING &
TABULATING THE DATA
• ANALYSIS: A FUNCTION OF SAMPLING
SCHEME, MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE
& DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUE
RESEARCH REPORT
• CULMINATION OF THE RESEARCH
PROCESS
• FORMULATING CONCLUSIONS, PREPARING
& PRESENTING REPORT
• REPORT:
– RESULTS
– CONCLUSIONS
– RECOMMENDATIONS
• REPORT SHOULD BE COMPLETE &
CONCISE