WE 5300(5310)

Module 1.2
Wind Energy Overview

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2019
Module 1.2 – Wind Energy Overview

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 Acknowledgements
• Contributions by Dr. Rick Walker;
Sustainable Energy Strategies, Inc.

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 Global Wind Energy
Installations: Source:
GWEC 2018 Report

• Wind Energy has experienced continued growth worldwide

•About 1.2 m wind energy jobs worldwide  ~ 114,000 in US
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Estimated Global Electric Power Capacity
Growth
Required Global Generating Capacity, in TW
16
14
12
10
8 New TW
6 Base TW

4
2
0
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

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Estimated Global Wind Capacity Growth
based on global model
Global Wind Generating Capacity, GW
2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

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 Global Wind Resource Map

• Based on elevation, terrain at height of 80 m

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World-Wide Installations; GWEC 2018

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World Wind Energy Offshore; GWEC 2018

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Global Energy Transitions
The Age of Renewables?

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Wind Energy Development in
the U.S.

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 US Wind Energy Development
• 1970s
– Energy Crisis
• 1980s
– California
• 2000
– GE Enters Industry
• 2010-present

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 • In 2006, President Bush
emphasized the need for a more
diversified energy portfolio
• Led to a collaborative effort to
forecast the potential for 20% wind
energy by 2030
• Very ambitious project  300 GW
by 2030  25 GW currently
• Obama administration wants 25%
renewables by 2025
• Considering current growth,
should be feasible
• Prepared by DOE/NREL

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Module 1.2 Copyright A.Swift, 2019 http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/pdfs/41869.pdf
 • Some key questions proposed in
the report:
• Sufficient resources ?
• Technology advancements ?
• Environmental Impacts ?
• Network demands ?

• We will discuss these issues over

the duration of the course

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Module 1.2 Copyright A.Swift, 2019 http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/pdfs/41869.pdf
 US Installed Wind Capacity, MW
• 1 MW produces energy for about 300-400 households

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US Wind Energy Installations through July 2019

https://public.tableau.com/views/StateFactShe
etPage_1/StateFactSheets?:embed=y&:embed
_code_version=3&:loadOrderID=0&:display_co
unt=yes&:origin=viz_share_link

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Wind Site Prospecting: Determine Wind Resource of the Interest Area

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 US Wind Resource and Grid System

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http://www.nrel.gov/wind/systemsintegration/images/home_usmap.jpg
 Texas Wind Power
Development
• Texas currently leads the US in installed
wind power capacity at 26 GW (21%).
• Texas gets about 16% of its electrical
energy from wind.
• Texas has one of the newest and best
transmission infrastructure projects in the
US to foster the growth of wind and solar –
the CREZ lines …………. More later.

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Wind
1995: Power Development
1st Utility-Scale Project in Texas
 CSW Fort Davis Wind Project (1995)

 6 MW: 12 Zond 500 kW Turbines

 First DOE/EPRI TVP Research Project

 Texas Tech Collected Wind Data

(Dr. Ed O’Hair & Phil Nash)

 Dr. Andy Swift of UTEP (now at Texas Tech)

and UTEP grad students did power quality
and noise studies for project.

 40 meter hub height / 40 meter rotor

diameter = 198 feet to peak

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Wind Power
1995: Development
2nd Utility-Scale Projectin Texas
 Kenetech Delaware Mountain
Project (1995)

 35 MW Consisting of 112
Kenetech 300 kW Turbines

 Constructed in 1995 by Kenetech

/ LCRA / City of Austin

 Dr. Jamie Chapman was VP of

Engineering for Kenetech

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Wind
1999: 1Power Development
st McCamey in Texas
Area Project
 Southwest Mesa Wind Project (1999)

 75 MW consisting of 107 NEG Micon 700

kW turbines

 Initial Development by CSW

 FPL (Now NextEra) Energy Won Bid to

Construct, Own and Operate

 Transmission constraints in McCamey

area led to large-scale curtailments of
wind projects

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 Wind
2001: 1st Power Development
Sweetwater in Texas
Area Project

 Trent Mesa Wind Project (2001)

 First Sweetwater-area project

 150 MW consisting of 100 Enron

Wind 1.5 MW turbines (now GE
Wind)

 Project developed, constructed,

owned and operated by CSW
Renewable Energy / AEP Wind
Energy

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2005Wind
- 2008:Power Development
Sweetwater-Area in Texas
Wind Boom

Sweetwater-Area Wind Explosion (2002-2008)

 Roscoe Projects (E.On): 782 MW

(world’s largest when complete)

 Horse Hollow

 Sweetwater Wind Farm

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Wind3,000
Over Power
MWDevelopment in Texas
in 30 Mile Radius

3,200 MW in 30 Mile Radius (2827 Square Miles)

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 The History of Wind Power
 “The use of wind power is said to have its origin in the Asian civilizations of
China, Tibet, India, Afghanistan and Persia.” – Redlinger et al

 “The first written evidence of the use of wind turbines is from Hero of
Alexandria, who in the 2nd or 3rd century BC described a simple horizontal-axis
turbine….More solid evidence indicates that the Persians were harnessing wind
power using a vertical-axis machine in the 7th century AD.” – Redlinger et al

 “Vertical-axis windmills were also used in China, which is often claimed as their
birthplace. While the belief that the windmill was invented in China more than
2000 years ago is widespread and may be accurate, the earliest actual
documentation of a Chinese windmill was in 1219 A.D. by the Chinese statesman
Yehlu Chhu-Tshai. The primary applications were apparently grain grinding and
water pumping.” - www.telosnet.com/wind/early.html

 Historical information indicates use of windmills in Europe during 11th and 12th
centuries AD. These were horizontal-axis machines used for water pumping,
grinding grain, sawing wood, etc…

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Historical Perspective
Smock Wind Mill

• Earliest type of
European windmill
•Uses cloth sails (not
shown)
• First operational mill
(1665)
•Push post in back to
yaw the wind mill into
the wind.
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 The History of Wind Power

Dutch windmill in Wageningen Spanish windmills in La Mancha

Photos from the Wikimedia Commons. Commons is a freely licensed media file repository. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation.
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American Water-Pumper
• Early to mid 1800’s
•Number of different
types
• Brought water from
underground to the
Midwest and Plains
• “A Field Guide to the
American Windmill”
• From 1850 to 1970…6
million installed

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  The first use of a large windmill to generate
electricity was a system built in Cleveland, Ohio,
in 1888 by Charles F. Brush.

 The Brush multiple-bladed "picket-fence" rotor 17

meters in diameter, featuring a large tail hinged to
turn the rotor out of the wind. It was the first
windmill to incorporate a step-up gearbox (with a
ratio of 50:1) in order to turn a direct current
generator at its required operational speed (in this
case, 500 RPM.)

 Despite its relative success in operating for 20

years, the Brush windmill demonstrated the
limitations of the low-speed, high-solidity rotor for
electricity production applications. The 12
The Brush postmill in Cleveland, Ohio, 1888. The kilowatts produced by its 17-meter rotor pales
first use of a large windmill to generate beside the 70-100 kilowatts produced by a
electricity.
comparably-sized, modern, lift-type rotor.
©Charles F. Brush Special Collection, Case
Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
www.telosnet.com/wind/20th.html
 Electricity-producing wind turbines were installed beginning in 1891 by Poul la Cour in
Denmark. – Redlinger et al  also tackled the problem of energy storage (Hau)

 “Probably the most important sequence of turbines was in Denmark. Between 1891 and 1918
Poal la Cour built more than 100 electricity generating turbines in the 20-35 kW size range. “ –
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Manwell, et al Module 1.2 Copyright A.Swift, 2019
10 Kw Jacob’s Turbine (circa
1930)
• Used a 3 blade design
• Left one in the South
Pole  22 years later still
producing power!
• Small scale turbine (4
m rotor diameter)
• Sparked electric co-ops
via FDR (“New Deal”)

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October 1-3, 2008 Wind Science and Engineering 31
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Smith-Putnam Wind Turbine (1942)

• First “modern” wind

turbine  planning to
construction to
performance analysis
• Large scale 1.25 MW
• Idea conceived on Cape
Cod, tested at Grandpa’s
Knob, VT

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 The History of Wind Power

DOE-NASA MOD-0 (1974-75) DOE-NASA MOD-0A (1977-81)

One-bladed rotor configuration tested in Ohio 200kW turbine; 38 m rotor diameter
Photo by NASA Glenn Research Center from the Wikimedia Commons. Clayton, New Mexico 33
Commons is a freely licensed media file repository.
Module 1.2 Copyright A.Swift, 2019
DOE MOD 2 (1980’s)
• NASA developed
• 2.5 MW and 100 m
rotor diameter
• Columbia River Gorge
in Washington
• Energy fed in to grid
• Popular Science 
January 1980

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Vertical Axis Turbines (1980’s)

• Advantages: components at ground level

• No need to “turn” into wind
• Disadvantages: can’t pitch blades
• Additional turbulence created
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 Early “Modern” Turbines
• In 1980’s, California dominated the wind market
• succumbed to poor design from both US and Danish designs,
power purchase contracts with large utilities
• after 1990 shifted overseas  Denmark and Germany
• Resumed in the late 1990’s in Texas and Colorado due to
“green” power initiatives

telosnet.com
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State of the Art
• Upwind
•3 bladed
•Pitch controlled
•Variable speed with
power electronics
•2-3 MW generator
(onshore…larger
offshore)
•90 to 110 m rotor
•80-100 m tower
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Modern Development

Alstom; 2013; 6 MW; 150 meter offshore turbine

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Largest Wind Turbine
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