Learning Objectives:

1. Illustrate the different parts of respiratory passageway

and describe the function in contributing the body
homeostasis
2. Illustrate the protective mechanism of respiratory
system.
3. Illustrate the pleural coverings of lungs and describe
the function in contributing the body homeostasis.
4. Illustrate the structure of respiratory membrane and
describe the function in contributing the body
homeostasis.
Learning Objectives:
5. Illustrate and explain the importance of cellular
respiration, external and internal respiration,
pulmonary ventilation, inspiration and expiration.
6. Illustrate how respiratory muscle causes volume
changes that lead to airflow into and out of the
lungs.
7. Illustrate and explain the importance of respiratory
volume such as TV, VC, ERV, JRV, RV, TLC.
8. Illustrate the non-respiratory air movements and
explain the mechanism of each.
• Also known as Air-Blood Barrier
• Respiratory Membrane has gas (air)
flowing past on one side and blood
flowing past on the other side
TV- TIDAL VOLUME
 THE AMOUNT OF GAS OF AN INDIVIDUAL INSPIRES
OR EXPIRES DURING A NORMAL QUITE BREATHING
 7-8% OF TLC

VC- VITAL CAPACITY

 THE AMOUNT OF GAS THAT CAN BE EXHALED AFTER
A MAXIMAL INSPIRATION.
ERV- EXPIRATORY RESERVE
VOLUME
 THE AMOUNT OF GAS THAT AN INDIVIDUAL CAN
EXHALE BEYOND A TIDAL EXPIRATION
 NORMALLY ITS 20% OF TLC
 THE AMOUNT OF GAS THAT CAN BE EXHALED AFTER
A MAXIMAL INSPIRATION.
IRV- INSPIRATORY RESERVE
VOLUME
 THE AMOUNT OF GAS THAT AN INDIVIDUAL CAN
INHALE ABOVE A TIDAL INSPIRATION
 NORMALLY ITS 60% OF TLC

RV- RESIDUAL VOLUME

 THE AMOUNT OF GAS REMAINING IN THE LUNGS
AFTER A MAXIMAL EXPIRATION
 NORMALLY IT MAKES UP 20% OF THE TLC
TLC – TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY
 THE AMOUNT OF GAS IN THE LUNGS AFTER A
MAXIMAL INSPIRATION
 NORMALLY ITS 6L FOR ADULT MALES 4.2L FOR
ADULT FEMALES
TERMS TO UNDERSTAND:
 Inspiration- When air flows out of the lungs(inhale).
 Expiration – when air leaves the lungs(exhale).
 INTRAPULMONARY PRESSURE – pressure inside the
lungs.
 INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURE - pressure in the pleural
cavity
Muscles of breathing
MECHANISM OF BREATHING
How to have a good breathing
 Diaphragmatic breathing (belly breathing)
 Pursed- Lips breathing
Cellular Respiration
 The Body’s cell consume O2 and produce CO2.
 Use oxygen to produce ATP and carbon dioxide, is the
cornerstone of all energy-producing chemical
reactions and occurs in all cells.
Cellular Respiration
External Respiration
 Gas exchange (oxygen loading and carbon dioxide
unloading) between the pulmonary blood and alveoli
must take place.
 Remember that in external respiration, gas exchanges
are being made between the blood and the body
exterior.
External Respiration
Internal Respiration
 At systemic capillaries, gas exchange occurs between
the blood and cells internal the body
Pulmonary Ventilation

 Air must move into and out of the lung so that the
gases in the alveoli of the lungs are continuously
refreshed.
 This process of pulmonary ventilation is commonly
called Breathing
Pulmonary Ventilation
Inspiration
 INHALATION
 The inspiratory muscles (diaphragm and external
intercostals) contract, the size of the thoracic cavity
increases.
 Diaphragm - Contracts inferiorly
 The superior-inferior cavity increases.
 External intercostals – Contraction the lifts the rib
cage and thrust the sternum forward.
 The anterior-posterior cavity and lateral
dimension increases.
 Lungs- adhere tightly to the thorax walls (because of
the fluid between the pleural membranes).
 As intrapulmonary volume increases, the gases within
the lungs spread out to fill the larger space.
 The resulting decrease in gas pressure in the lungs
produces a partial vacuum (pressure less than
atmospheric pressure outside the body), which causes
air to flow into the lungs.
 Air continues to move into the lungs until the
intrapulmonary pressure equals to atmospheric
pressure
Inspiration
Expiration
 EXHALATION
 The inspiratory muscles (diaphragm and external
intercostals) contract, the size of the thoracic cavity
increases.
 Diaphragm – Relax superiorly
 External intercostals – resume their initial resting
length
 The rib cage descends and the lungs recoil.
 As the intrapulmonary volume decreases, the gases
inside the lungs are forced more closely together, and
the intrapulmonary pressure rises to a point higher
than the atmospheric pressure
 The gases passively flow out equalize the pressure with
the outside.
Expiration
Arterial Blood Gas
 An ABG is a blood test that measures the acidity, or
pH, and the levels of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide
(CO2) from an artery. The test is used to check the
function of the patient's lungs and how well they are
able to move oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.
Metabolic Acidosis
 It is defined as a pathologic process that, when
unopposed, increases the concentration of hydrogen
ions in the body and reduces the HCO3-
concentration. Not all patients with metabolic acidosis
have a low arterial pH (acidemia), the pH and
hydrogen ion concentration also depend upon the
coexistence of other acid-base disorders.
 In metabolic acidosis, the blood pH is below 7.35, and
it’s due to a bicarbonate or HCO3 concentration in the
blood of less than 22 mEq/L.
Metabolic Alkalosis
 Metabolic alkalosis is a primary increase in serum
bicarbonate (HCO3-) concentration. This occurs as a
consequence of a loss of H+ from the body or a gain in
HCO3-. In its pure form, it manifests as alkalemia (pH
>7.40).
 As a compensatory mechanism, metabolic alkalosis
leads to alveolar hypoventilation with a rise in arterial
carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2), which diminishes the
change in pH that would otherwise occur.
Respiratory Acidosis
 Respiratory acidosis is primary increase in carbon
dioxide partial pressure (Pco2) with or without
compensatory increase in bicarbonate (HCO3−); pH is
usually low but may be near normal. Cause is a
decrease in respiratory rate and/or volume
(hypoventilation), typically due to CNS, pulmonary, or
iatrogenic conditions.
Respiratory Alkalosis

 Respiratory alkalosis occurs when the levels of carbon

dioxide and oxygen in the blood are not balanced.
 Partial Compensation – the pH remains abnormal
 Complete Compensation - the pH returns to normal
 Uncompensation -the body is yet to fix the pH
problem or has been unable to fix the pH problem.