Safety Management

Risk, Injury and Hazard

• Risk is an uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, has
an effect on at least one [project] objective.
• Accident is an unfortunate incident that happens
unexpectedly and unintentionally, typically resulting in
damage or injury.
• Injury is physical harm or damage to someone’s body
caused by an accident or an attack.
• A hazard is any agent that can cause harm or damage to
humans, property, or the environment.
• Risk is defined as the probability that exposure to a hazard
will lead to a negative consequence, or more simply, a
hazard poses no risk if there is no exposure to that hazard.
 Hazards/Danger
Observable or predicted from knowledge

Risk
Not directly observable - probability of harm to system elements being
realised from exposure to hazards and danger.

Harm
Damage to system elements - long or short term

Accidents

Injuries Ill-Health Damage
 Reasons for preventing accidents
• There are three main reasons for preventing
accidents and ill-health.
 Moral / Humane
• No-one comes to work to be injured or killed
 Cost
Accidents cost organisations money.

e.g. Piper Alpha – 167 people killed –

estimated to have cost over £2 billion
including £746 million in direct insurance
payouts.
 Legislations
Organisations have a legal obligation.

In the UK – Health & Safety at Work Act, 1974

and associated Regulations
e.g.
Management of Health & Safety at Work Regs
1999
Quarry Regulations, 1999
Accident Costs “Iceberg”
Insurance Costs
Covering Injury, ill
£1 health, damage

Uninsured Costs
£8-36 Product and material
damage.
Plant & building damage
Tool & equipment damage.
Legal costs
Expenditure on emergency
supplies.
Clearing site
Production delays
Overtime working and
temporary labour
Investigation time.
Supervisor’s time diverted
Clerical effort.
Fines
Loss of
expertise/experience
 Safety
• Safety is the state in which the risk of harm to
persons or of property damage is reduced to,
and maintained at or below, an acceptable
level through a continuing process of hazard
identification and risk management.
 Safety management system
• The reduction of risk level as low as possible which is practicable.
• To reduce the risk in occupational position and health element.
• A safety management system (SMS) is an organized approach to managing safety,
including the necessary organizational structures, accountabilities, policies and
procedures. As a minimum, such SMS shall:

a) Identify safety hazards;

b) Ensure that remedial actions necessary to mitigate the risks/hazards
are implemented; and
c) Provide for continuous monitoring and regular assessment of the
safety level achieved.
The concept of acceptable level of safety is expressed by two
measures/metrics i.e. safety performance indicators and safety performance
targets and implemented through various safety requirements.
• Safety performance indicators are a measure of the safety
performance of a department. Safety indicators should be easy to
measure and be linked to the major components of a company‘s SMS.
Safety indicators will therefore differ between departments.
• Safety performance targets (sometimes referred to as goals or
objectives) are determined by considering what safety performance
levels are desirable and realistic for individual departments, operators,
concessionaires or service providers. Safety targets should be
measurable, acceptable to stakeholders, and consistent with SMS.

• Safety requirements are needed to achieve the safety performance

indicators and safety performance targets. They include the operational
procedures, technology, systems and programme’s to which measures
of reliability, availability, performance and/or accuracy can be specified.
The relationship between acceptable level of
safety, safety performance indicators, safety
performance targets and safety requirements :

acceptable level of safety is the overarching

concept; safety performance indicators are the
measures/metrics used to determine if the
acceptable level of safety has been achieved;
safety performance targets are the quantified
objectives pertinent to the acceptable level of
safety; and safety requirements are the tools or
means required to achieve the safety targets.
 Four pillars of SMS
SMS is composed of four
functional components:
• Safety Policy
• Safety Risk
Management
• Safety Assurance
• Safety Promotion
 Safety Policy
• The SMS policy designates top management as the
authority responsible for ensuring that safety rules are
observed by employees at all levels of the company's
structure.
• Safety policies establish procedures and risk controls to
evaluate to what extent safety rules are implemented as
designed.
• Safety policy requires managers to give designated people
the responsibility and authority to see these policies
carried out. Safety policy also deals with the financial
resources allocated to monitor employees' activities in
terms of risk-free procedures and improve controls where
necessary.
 Safety Risk Management (SRM)
• The risk management component consists of a set of
procedures to identify, analyze and evaluate risks and to
develop controls that can prevent them.
• The system analyzes the interaction among different
components of an organization (people, facilities,
technology) and the environment.
• This analysis may lead to identifying risks that can be
prevented or eliminated by risk controls that may involve
changes in equipment, training and staffing arrangements,
or additions in equipment, technology, procedures and
supervisory controls. If the modified system gives positive
results, it should be implemented and monitored to ensure
its effectiveness.
Type of Fire and Extinguisher
 Safety Assurance (SA)
• Safety assurance uses efficient auditing, analysis and review
systems to ensure that risk controls are still effective over a
certain period of time and in a changing environment.
• The purpose of this SMS component is to constantly improve
the quality of the products and processes involved while
maintaining acceptable risk levels.
• Safety assurance includes feedback on performance, so it can
be considered a means of identifying the areas to be
improved. It also includes procedures to develop preventive
or corrective actions and to monitor their effective
implementation.
 Safety Promotion
• Promoting safety procedures refers to managers'
capability to positively influence the employees' way of
thinking and acting toward a safe workplace
environment.
• Safety promotion consists of informing people at all
company levels about the safety practices in effect at a
certain time. An important element of safety culture is
the openness of communication between management
and employees.
• Employees should be informed of how and where to
report a safety hazard so that the manager can take
measures to correct or prevent it.
Safety policy and objectives
• Management commitment and responsibility
• Safety accountabilities
• Appointment of key safety personnel
• SMS implementation
• Contractors/third party interfaces
• Coordination of emergency response planning
• SMS documentation
Safety risk management
• Hazard identification
• Risk assessment and mitigation
Safety assurance
• Safety performance monitoring and measurement
• Internal safety investigation
• The management of change
• Continuous improvement of the SMS
Safety promotion
• Training and education
• Safety communication
 Why SMS?
• The proactive identification of hazard and maximize the
development of better safety culture.
• Reducing the loss of human resources and financial
elements.
• Helping the manager to identify and access the risk and
building a business case to protect the problem.
• Define how the organization is set up to manage risk.
• Identify workplace risk and implement suitable controls.
• Implement effective communications across all levels of the
organization.
• Implement a process to identify and correct non-
conformities.
• Implement a continual improvement process.
 What are the key process of SMS?
• Hazard identification: a method for identifying hazards
related to your organization.
• Occurrence reporting: a process for the acquisition of
safety data.
• Risk management: a standard approach for assessing
risk and for applying risk control.
• Performance measure: management tools for
analyzing wheather the organizations safety goals are
being achieved; and
• Quality/Safety assurance: processes based on quality
management principles that support continuous
improvement of the organizations safety performance.
 Work Related Injuries
The workplace is generally a safe
environment, but there are instances when
you may be injured despite using all safety
guidelines.
Effectively there are as many types of
workplace injury claims as there are types of
work. Although, the majority of claims can be
broken down into specific areas – the main
being:
 Driving based injuries
Areas where compensation claims based on
work related driving injuries could be
composed are:
• Incidents involving Fork Lift accidents
• Incidents involving Pallet Truck accidents
• Injuries due to poor maintenance of vehicles
• Injuries due to long hours of labor
 Factory based injuries
Factory based injuries include those which take place
in workplaces where heavy machineries are used. The
common types of factory based injuries are as follows:
• Injuries due to repetitive strains
• Injuries due to lifting, carrying, or handling objects
that are too heavy
• Injuries with general tissue trauma due to large cuts
and wounds
• Injuries due to falling from height
• Injuries caused by heavy machinery.
 Heavy machinery/Equipment
based injuries
The construction industry has the highest rate of
workplace fatality compared to work from other sectors.
This could also overlap with those kinds in the factory
based injuries. Compensation claims have been made in
this area due to:
• Loss of limbs after a major heavy machinery accident
• Injuries due to defective machinery or poor maintenance
of machinery
• Injuries or fall from height due to dangerous equipment
• Trips and falls due to dangerous equipment.
• General tissue trauma including cuts and burns.
 Office based injuries
Compensation for office based injuries are grouped into the
following main categories:
• Trips or falls in the office due to lack of warning or poor
maintenance of the workplaces
• Injuries which result to general tissue trauma like large
cuts, wounds, and burns
• Injuries due to defective seating
Injuries due to poor
maintenance of electrical equipment
• Injuries due to repetitive stress to certain joints or body
parts
• Poorly maintained office electrical equipment causing
injury.
• Lifting heavy items using an incorrect lifting technique.
 Retail based injuries
Compensation claims based on injuries
sustained in shops are grouped mainly into
falls and lifting injuries, specifically:
• Retail based injuries are those from shops
or stores.
• Injuries due to slipping on spilled liquid
• Injuries due to incorrectly positioned stocks
• Injuries due to repetitive strain
 Warehouse based injuries
Injuries sustained in a warehouse environment can be
wide ranging depending on the warehouse
circumstances, but the main category of injuries that
employees have claimed for injury compensation are:
• Incidents involving Fork Lift accidents.
• Incidents involving Pallet Truck accidents.
• Trips or slips causing injury.
• Injuries caused by items falling from shelving or the
employee falling from height.
• Handling, carrying and lifting injuries.