MEC201

Mechanics of Solids

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Lecture 18

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Recap: Pre-stressing

(a) Tendon being stresses (b) After casting, the force is

during casting. Tension in released and the structure
tendon, no stress in shrinks.
concrete.

(c) FBD of tendon. The (d) FBD of concrete. The

concrete does not let the
tendon shrink as much as it
would on its own. This
results in residual tension in
the tendon.
residual force in the tendon
is trying to compress the
concrete.

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Recap: A simple example
A concrete beam of cross-sectional area 5 cm×5 cm
and length 2 m be cast with a 10 mm dia mild steel
rod under a tension of 20 kN. The external tension
in steel released after the concrete is set. What is
the residual compressive stress in the concrete?

T = 20 kN →σ = 255 Mpa →ε = 1.21×10- 3 →δ = 2.42 mm

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Recap: A simple example
2.42 mm
δs
F
δc

δs + δc = 2.42 mm

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Recap: Failure Under Compression

Buckling
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Torsion

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Shaft carrying torque

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Torsion-bar suspension

Torsion bar

Load

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Torsion-bar suspension

www.rctankhq.com/Project2.htm
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Torsion of a bar

θ r
φ z

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Torsion of a bar

• Plane sections remain plane

• Diametrical lines within plane
sections remain straight

dz

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Torsion: Deformation to Strain

γθz τθz
r
O
dφ
E τzθ
D A
E1
A1 R
G1
B
γθz = rdφ/dz
F1
C
B1

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Torsion: Strain to Stress
τθz

γθz τzθ
r
O
dφ
E γθz = rdφ/dz
D A
E1
A1 R
G1
B F1
C
B1

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Torsion: Stress Distribution
τθz = Gγθz = Grdφ/dz

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Torsion: Stress to Load

dr

dθ

Polar (second) moment of area Izz

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Torsion: Stress to Load

τθz = Gγθz = Grdφ/dz

For shaft with constant G, R and T:

GIzz is termed as the Torsional rigidity

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Circular Shaft

dr

dθ

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Circular Shaft

dr

dθ

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Hollow Shaft
By geometry: γθz= rdΦ/dz

Therefore, τθz = GrdΦ/dz

r varies from R1 to R2, and

θ varies from 0 to 2π
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 Power shaft

φ 0.1 m

φ 0.3 m φ 0.3 m
1.5 m 3m
−4.5 kNm −4.5 kNm
+9 Nm
● ● z
●

TMD
φ1 φ2

φ = φ1 + φ2
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Power shaft

= 9.82×10-6 m4

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Power shaft

Let us check on the stresses:

Quite safe

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Another example
Φ 10 cm
Φ 5 cm
F Φ 2 cm
Φ 6 cm

150 N.m
1m F 0.6 m

150 N.m

−250 N.m

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Another example
Φ 10 cm
Φ 5 cm
F Φ 2 cm
Φ 6 cm

150 N.m
1m F 0.6 m

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Another example
Φ 10 cm
Φ 5 cm
F Φ 2 cm
Φ 6 cm

150 N.m
1m F 0.6 m

Angle θ2 which represents the counter-clockwise movement of the

smaller gear due to gearing alone is 10/6 of θ1 or 0.0085 rad counter-
clockwise
Rotation of the right end of second shaft wrt stationary wall is,
therefore, 0.0085 rad + 0.12 rad = 0.1285 rad or 7.36 degree.
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A statically indeterminate case
M1 Mo M2

TMD

Equilibrium Condition: - M1 + Mo – M2 = 0
Geometric Condition: Φ1 +Φ2 = 0

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A Composite Shaft

Shear Shear
strain stress

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Thin-walled shaft

Shear flow on horizontal

surfaces is same as on the
vertical surfaces
q 1 = q2

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Thin-walled shaft

Relating q to twisting moment T

dT = 2×Grey area
Q = T/2A

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An Example
T 100 Nm
R 20 mm
R 16 mm
This gives τ = (49 N/m)/0.004 m = 12.25 MPa

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Forces and Moments
in Beams

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Introduction to Beams
• A beam is a
horizontal structural
member used to
support loads
• Beams are used to
support the roof and
floors in buildings

33
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Forces in Beams

P P
M V

x L −x M
V

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Forces in Beams

y
My
Mx x
Fy
Fx
Fz
z
Mz

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Forces in Beams

Fx: the axial force that results in elongation (or

compression, if it is negative) of the member.
Fy and Fz: shear forces that result in shearing at the
section. The shear forces are conventionally
assigned the symbol V.
Mz: the axial moment that is the torsion moment
that causes twisting of the member. This was
the subject matter of the last chapter.
Mx and transverse moments that are termed as the
My: bending moments and cause the member to
bend. Moment Mx results in bending the beam
in the y-z plane while the moment Mz results in
bending the beam in the x-y plane. Vijay
 Forces in Beams

Shear forces, V
Bending Moment, M
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Sign Conmvention
y

V M

M V

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 Sign Convention
y
_
+ x
Positive V & M Negative V & M

+ -
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Sign Convention

Sign of the outward Actual direction of Assigned sign to

normal to the section the force or moment the shear force or
bending moment
Along the + ve Along the +ve
coordinate direction coordinate direction + ve
Along the − ve Along the − ve  
coordinate direction coordinate direction + ve
Along the + ve Along the − ve
coordinate direction coordinate direction − ve
Along the − ve Along the +ve − ve
coordinate direction coordinate direction

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Sign Convention

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 Sign Convention...

x
y

Negative Shear force

Positive Bending Moment
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Origin of Shear Force
• Shear Stresses

vary along the height

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 Origin of Resisting Moment

Compression near top

Extension near bottom

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Origin of Resisting Moment

Net tensile force is zero!

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 Origin of Resisting Moment...

Extension near top

Compression near bottom
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Bending Stresses in Beams

Net tensile force is zero!

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Beam Supports

Simple Roller Built-in

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Idealized supports
Support type Freedom of motion Reactions present
Built-in support No degree of freedom A moment as well as
horizontal and
vertical reaction
forces
Pinned support Horizontal and
  Single degree of vertical reaction
  freedom - rotation. forces
 
Roller support Only vertical reaction
  Two degrees of freedom force
  – rotation and
horizontal movement
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Loads

w N/m
P

Concentrated loads Distributed loads

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Loads

Linearly varying distributed load Concentrated moment

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 Variations in Shear Force &
Bending Moment
y
x
x

M – Px/2 = 0, or M = Px/2

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 Shear Force & Bending Moment
Diagrams
y
P
x
P/2 P/2
V = - P/2
x
V = + P/2
x
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 SFD & BMD
y
x
+ P/2
SFD
- P/2

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 SFD & BMD...
y
P
x
P/2 P/2
M – x(P/2) = 0
x

x
M – x(P/2) + (x – L/2)P = 0
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 SFD & BMD...
y
x
+ P/2
SFD
- P/2
+PL/4
BMD

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 SFD & BMD: Another Example
y P P
x P P

P V=-P
x
P
P V=0
x
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 SFD & BMD: Another Example
y P P
x P P
+P
SFD
-P

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 SFD & BMD: Another Example
y P P
x P P
M M – xP = 0
P
x P
P M
P
x
M – xP + P(x – L/4)= 0
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 SFD & BMD: Another Example
y P P
x P P
+P
SFD
-P
PL/4
BMD

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 SFD & BMD: Another Example
y w N/m
wL/2 wL/2
x
wL/2
V
x
V + wL/2 – wx = 0
Or, V = - wL/2 + wx
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 SFD & BMD: Another Example
y w N/m
wL/2 wL/2
x
SFD + wL/2
x
- wL/2

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 SFD & BMD: Another Example
y w N/m
wL/2 wL/2
x
wL/2 M
V
wx x
M – (wL/2)x + wx2/2 = 0
Or, M = wLx/2 - wx2/2
Vijay
 SFD & BMD: Another Example
y w N/m
wL/2 wL/2
x
SFD + wL/2
x
- wL/2
wL2/8
BMD

Vijay
Method of Sections:
• Draw an idealized loading diagram of the beam.
• Determine the reactions at all supports. If the
reactions cannot be determined, the beam is statically
indeterminate and further progress cannot be made
without considering the deflections of the beam.
• Determine the number of segments with distinct
loading pattern to cover the entire beam. In practice,
this means that we segment the beam such that the
end of a segment is at the location of a discontinuity
in loading pattern.

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Method of Sections:
• For each of the segments identified above, introduce
a cutting plane and draw an FBD of either part of the
beam
• Introduce the unknown shear force V and the
bending moment M at the cutting plane. These
should be shown assuming they are positive
according to the sign.
• Determine the expressions for SF and BM by
equilibrium considerations, equating the sum of
vertical forces and the moment to zero.

Vijay
 SFD & BMD: Another Example
y Mo
Mo/L ● Mo/L
x
Mo/L V = - Mo/L
x

Mo V = - Mo/L
Mo/L ●

x Vijay
 SFD & BMD: Another Example
y Mo
Mo/L ● Mo/L
x
SFD x
- Mo/L

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 SFD & BMD: Another Example
y Mo
Mo/L ● Mo/L
x M
Mo/L M - Mox /L = 0
Mo/L
x
Mo M
Mo/L ●
Mo/L
x
M + Mo – Mox/L = 0; or M = Mox/L – Mo
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 SFD & BMD: Another Example
y Mo
Mo/L ● Mo/L
x
SFD x
- Mo/L
BMD +Mo/2
x
-Mo/2
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 SFD & BMD: Another Example
y P P
PL
x
P
PL V=-P
x

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 SFD & BMD: Another Example
y P P
PL
x
V x

-P

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 SFD & BMD: Another Example
y P P
PL
x M
P
PL M + PL – Px = 0,
x M = - P(L – x)
M + P(L – x) = 0, P
M = - P(L – x)

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 SFD & BMD: Another Example
y P P
PL
x
x
SFD
-P
x
BMD

- PL
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 SFD & BMD: Another Example
y P P
PL/2
x
PL/2 V V=0
P
PL/2 V V=-P

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 SFD & BMD: Another Example
y P P
PL/2
x
SFD x
-P

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 SFD & BMD: Another Example
y P P
PL/2
x
M
PL/2 M + PL/ 2 = 0
P M
PL/2 P
x
M + PL/ 2 – P(x – L/2) = 0, or
M = - PL/ 2 + P(x – L/2) Vijay
 SFD & BMD: Another Example
y P P
PL/2
x
SFD x
-P
BMD x

- PL/2
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 SFD & BMD: Another Example
y wL2/2 w N/m
x wL
wL
wL2/2
V
wL x
wx

V + wL – wx = 0, or
V = - wL + wx Vijay
 SFD & BMD: Another Example
y wL2/2 w N/m
x wL
SFD x
- wL

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 SFD & BMD: Another Example
y wL2/2 w N/m
x wL
M
wL2/2
wL- wx
wL x
wx
M + wL /2 –wLx + wx /2 = 0
2 2

or, M = wLx - w(L2 + x2)/2

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 SFD & BMD: Another Example
y wL2/2 w N/m
x wL
SFD x
- wL
BMD x

- wL /2
2

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Comparison: Simply Supported vs.
Cantilevered
w N/m w N/m

+ wL/2

- wL/2
- wL/2
wL2/8
- wL2/2
Vijay
Area Method
q(x) N/m
R1 P R2
M0
A ●
B C D E

M V + dV
M+dM
V
x dx

SF as well as BM does not change along a

beam segments which does not carry any load

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Area Method: At the location of
concentrated force
q(x) N/m
R1 P R2 At the location of a
M0
concentrated load, the
A ●
B C D E shear force jumps up
P by a value equal to the
M V + dV load (acting
M+dM downwards), but there
xV dx is no change in the
bending moment.

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Area Method: At the location of
concentrated moment
q(x) N/m
R1 P R2
At the location of a
M0 concentrated moment,
A ● the bending moment
B C D E
jumps down by a value
M0 V + dV
M
M+dM
equal to the applied
●
moment, but there is no
V
x dx change in the value of
the shear force across
such an element.

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Area Method: At the location of a
distributed load
q(x) N/m
R1 P R2
M0 The rate of change of
A ● shear force at a location
B C D E
is equal to the
q(x)
M V + dV (downward) load density
M+dM at that point. Similarly,
V the rate of change of
x dx
bending moment is equal
to the (negative of) shear
force at that point.

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Area Method: Drawing SFD
• First draw the loading diagram of the beam.
• Calculate the reaction at the supports.
• Start drawing the SFD at a point slightly left of the
left support where the shear force is taken as zero.
• Travel along the beam to the right, modifying the SF
using the rules given below.
• Shear force does not change over the segment of the
beam with no external load.
• The presence of a concentrated moment does not
change the value of shear force.

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Area Method: Drawing SFD
• A concentrated force causes a jump in SFD at the location
of the force: go up for every load downwards, down for
every load upwards.
• The slope of the SFD at any location is equal to the
distributed load density (load per unit length). Positive
slopes for loads downward, and negative slopes for loads
acting upwards.
• Change in SF between any two locations is equal to the
area under the distributed load curve. Positive changes for
negative areas and negative changes for positive areas.
• Proceed till you are slightly right of the right support
where the SF should be zero again. This last is a check on
calculations.

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 Verifying Area Method: SFD
wL/2 w wL/2
P

P/2 P/2
wL/2
+ P/2
- P/2 - wL/2
Mo/L
Mo
P P ● Mo/L
P P
P
-P - Mo/L
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 Verifying Area Method: SFD
w
P P wL2/2
PL
wL
V x
x
-P -wL
P P
PL/2

x
-P
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 Constructing SFD
100 N 100 N 100 N
200 N/m

150 150

+50
+100
x

-150
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Area Method: Drawing BMD

• First complete the shear force diagram of the beam.

• Start at a point slightly left of the left support where
the bending moment is taken as zero.
• Travel along the beam to the right, modifying the BM
using the rules given below.
• The slope of the BMD at any location is equal to
(negative of) the SF value at that location
• Change in BM between any two locations is equal to
the (negative of) the area under the SF curve.

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Area Method: Drawing BMD

• Concentrated moments cause a jump in BMD at the

location of the moment.
• Go up for every negative concentrated moment,
down for every positive concentrated moment.
• Proceed till you are slightly right of the right support
where the BM should again be zero again. This last is
a check on calculations.

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 Verifying Area Method: BMD
P P
P P

+P
+ P/2

P/2 -P
PL/4
+PL/4

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 Verifying Area Method: BMD
wL/2 w N/m wL/2
Mo/L Mo Mo/L
●

+ wL/2

- Mo/L
- wL/2
wL2/8
+Mo/2

-Mo/2
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 Verifying Area Method: BMD
P P P P

PL PL/2

-P -P

- PL
- PL/2
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Constructing BMD
100 N 100 N 100 N
200 N/m

150 150
+150
+100
+50

-150 206.25
200
+150
50

Vijay
Another Example
R1 40 kN 40 kN R2
20 kN/m
20 kN.m
●
A C D E 0.5 m
B F
1 2 3 4 x, m

V 30 kN
20 kN

− 10 kN x

− 50 kN
45 kNm
40 kNm 30 kNm
M
25 kNm
x
− 10 kNm
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