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THE SOLAR SYSTEM

AND THE PLANET

SOLAR SYSTEM
SUN
PLANET EARTH
SEASONS OF THE EARTH
SOLAR SYSTEM

 It consists of the sun, the planets and its satellites, a


large number of comets and asteroids, and the
interplanetary medium.
 Inner solar system comprises the Sun, Mercury,
Venus, Earth and Mars.
 The planets of the outer solar system are Jupiter,
Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
 Every planet in our solar system except Venus and
Uranus rotates counter-clockwise as seen from above
the Sun’s north pole – that is to say, from west to
east
 The sun exerts gravitational force on the
other members of the solar system – know
as gravitational attraction or gravity. It
keeps the planets from sailing out into space
as they revolve around the sun in their
particular orbits.
 Centrifugal force – this force tends to make
moving bodies fly away from any center of
rotation.
The Sun
 It is the most important to the earth and to
geographic study.
 The sun as the source of solar radiation or sunlight
allows life to exist on Earth.
 The planets and their satellites are lighted and
heated by the energy emitted from this tremendously
hot surface that has a temperature estimated about
5,000 degrees Celsius to 6,000 degrees Celsius.
 The sun makes one complete rotation every 25 earth
days.
The Planet Earth
 Of all the places
that can
conceivably
support human
life, the earth is
the one and only
place we know
that does.
The Planet Earth
 Its interior and its
crust, its atmosphere
and its climate, and
even its behavior in
space – all these along
with other attributes
form a favorable
environment in which
life, especially
intelligent life,
flourishes.
The Planet Earth
 Until proven
otherwise, the earth is
a unique planet in the
universe, a wonderful
sphere with infinity of
its own, encompassing
everything from atom
to the mind and spirit
of man.
The Planet Earth
The earth is
pear –shaped,
or an oblate
ellipsoid.
Earth’s Structure
Earth’s revolution and rotation

 As a member of the solar system, Earth orbits


around the sun and such orbit is called a revolution.
A revolution is also called a year.
 It takes our planet 365 days and 5 hours to make
one complete revolution around the sun.
 As the earth revolves, it also rotates or spins around
its axis. One complete rotation of the earth takes
about 24 hours, equivalent to one day. The spinning
of the earth on its axis causes daytime and nighttime.
The seasons of the Earth
 The tilting of the earth on its axis by an
average of 23.5 degrees causes the
seasons.
 The earth is at its closest point to the
sun in January (perihelion) and the
furthest in July (Aphelion).
 March equinox – day and night are equal length
 June solstice- (summer solstice )– longest day in
northern hemisphere; (winter solstice) – shortest
days in southern hemisphere.
 September Equinox – day and night are equal length
 December Solstice – (winter solstice) – shortest day
in the northern hemisphere; (summer solstice)-
longest day in the southern hemisphere.
GRAPHIC
REPRESENTATION
OF THE EARTH

THE GLOBE
MAP
 The study of geography like any other field
of knowledge uses certain tools and devices
to be thorough in its investigations and
attain its objectives.
 Since the earth is the primordial concern of
geographic inquiry, it must be represented
in a geographic fashion through globes and
maps.
The Globe
 It is either a map of the
earth or the sky.
 It is used by the
geographers as the
closest representation of
the earth.
 It is a scale model of the
entire earth made in such
a size that man cam see,
handle, and comprehend
all at one time.
Terrestrial Globe
Provides only the
graphic
representation of the
areas of the earth
without significant
distortion or
inaccuracy in shape,
direction, or relative
size.
Celestial Globe
Model of the
celestial sphere
intended primarily
to show the
position of the
stars.
Evolution of Globes
 The most probable
earliest globe was
constructed by the Greek
geographer Crates Of
Mallus about 150 B.C
 The globe of Crates
showed the then known
world located along the
shores of Mediterranean
Sea and extended into
Southern Asia.
Evolution of Globes
 It also showed 3 other
continents, the
existence of which was
mere speculation.
 Crate’s speculation
however, went too far
to predict the
existence of the
Americas and
Australia.
 After the fall of the Roman Empire, the skills
of geography and astronomy were carried on
mainly in the Arab world. It was from this
region that globes were reintroduced into
Europe in the 15th century.
 The city of Nuremberg in Germany became
the first major center of globe production in
Europe.
 The earliest extant
globe made in
Nuremberg was a
celestial globe
made in 1444, and
belonged to the
mathematician and
cardinal Nicholas
of Cusa (1401 –
1464).
 The Erdapfel, also
called as the Globe of
Martin Behaim made
in 1492, is the oldest
surviving terrestrial
globe. This globe is
now in the Germanic
Museum in
Nuremberg, Germany.
 Today’s globes are made most commonly of
inexpensive cardboard or of more expensive plastic
or steel.
 The amount of detail a globe can show depends on
its size.
 However, for most purposes, a globe must be small
enough to be examined readily and, if need be, to be
picked up and moved about.
The Lines of the Globe

 The Meridians (The


Longitude Lines) – one
set of imaginary lines
that measures the
distance between east
and west.
 Each line of longitude
runs from the North pole
to the South pole.
The Lines of the Globe

 Longitude lines are


measured in degrees.
 However, there is no
natural starting point or
stopping point for east
and west, so mapmakers
assigned a line of
reference to begin –
called prime meridian. –
Assigned at zero degrees
longitude.
The Lines of the Globe

 From the prime


meridian, one can travel
west halfway around the
earth to the 180 degrees
east longitude line.
 By international
agreement, this line is
the meridian that passes
through Greenwich,
England.
 The
Parallels
(Lines of
Latitude)
with the
Special
Latitude
Lines
 The lines on the globe that
intersect the meridians at right
angles, running from east to
west, are called parallels or
lines of latitude.
 Halfway between the North
and South poles is an
imaginary latitude line called
the equator.
 The parallel lines run in the
same direction and are an
equal distance apart at all
points and these lines never
meet.
 The distance is measured in
degrees.
 The starting point for
measuring the latitude is the
equator, which is assigned at
zero degrees latitude.
Special Latitude Lines

 These are several lines of latitude which


have been assigned special names for
specific purposes. These latitude lines
are given particular recognition
because they mark certain conditions
and results of relationship between the
earth and the sun.
Tropic of Cancer

 Is placed at 23 ½ degrees
north of the equator,
marks the northernmost
limit of the sun’s direct
vertical rays, which occurs
on June 23, also known as
summer solstice in
Northern Hemisphere.
Tropic of Capricorn

 23 ½ degrees south of the


equator, marks the
southernmost limit of the
sun’s intense vertical rays,
a condition that occurs on
December 22, making the
winter solstice in
Northern Hemisphere
Arctic and Antarctic circles

 The arctic circle at 66 ½


degrees north of the equator
delineating the Northern
Frigid zone of the earth and
marks the limits of the sun’s
tangential rays in Northern
Hemisphere on June 22;
Arctic and Antarctic circles

 The Antarctic circle at 66 ½


degrees south of the equator
delineates the Southern Frigid
Zone of the earth and marks
the limits of the sun tangential
rays in the Southern
Hemisphere on December 22,
in which the sun at sometime
during the year does not rise
or set for more than 24 hours.
The Earth’s Grid System

 It the intersection of
longitude and latitude
lines on the globe or
map.
 This is also the system
used by mapmakers all
over the world to locate a
place.
The Earth’s Grid System

 It was first created by a


Greek named
Hipparchus , a chief
librarian in the great
library of Alexandria,
Egypt some 2,200 years
ago.
 Purpose: to locate
accurately the objects on
a map.
The Earth’s Grid System
MAPS
 A map is a representation of all or a portion of
the earth, drawn to scale and usually on a plane
or flat surface.
 Maps are considered as one of the most
important geographical tools.
 The term map derived from the Latin word
mappa, which signifies napkin, cover cloth, or
tablecloth.
 The art and science of making maps is called
CARTOGRAPHY
MAPS
MAPS
 The use of maps started in the earliest civilizations of
Mesopotamia and China. The Greeks and Romans
advanced the science of mapmaking and it was the
Europeans from 15th to 17th centuries who really
drove its development, as they strove to increase
their riches and influence over newly-discovered
areas of the earth. Thereafter, colonial explorers in
the New World continued to pursue the science and
technology. In the 20th and 21st centuries, the
western world has been at the forefront of new
mapping techniques and innovations
(www.bbc.co.uk).
 Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria – the first to
illustrate the earth as spherical in his world map. He
projected the spherical earth onto flat paper for the
first time.
 The first scientific map of the Philippines was
prepared by a Spanish Jesuit Pedro Murillo Velarde
with the help of two Filipinos: Francisco Suarez,
who drew the map, and Nicolas dela Cruz Bagay,
who did the engraving; published in 1734.
“Mother of All Philippine Map”
 The map shows a tiny
island labeled “Panacot”
later renamed Bajo de
Masinloc or Scarborough
Shoal. It also features the
rocks and islands of Los
Bajos de Paragua,” now
known as Spratlys. The
Murillo-Velarde 1734 map
was one of the documents
submitted by the
Philippine government in
its case against China’s
nine-dash line.
Types of Maps

 GENERAL MAP – displays qualitative information.


It displays nominal and ordinal data. Ex: Highway
map, city plans.
THEMATIC MAP
 – it shows the attributes of something on the face of
the earth, which cannot normally be seen from an
aerial, satellite photograph or visual inspection. This
type of maps are exemplified by maps showing the
population density on earth, per capita income by
country, location and number of earthquakes per
area, and traffic volumes for an urban area. Thematic
maps are also classified into maps emphasizing
natural features and cultural features.
CARTOGRAM

 A variation on a thematic map. For example, a map


showing a country and the size of the country on the
map is determined by the size of its population.
 Cartograms are not the most popular maps, but
effective in showing some spatial data.
SPECIAL PURPOSE MAPS

 these are maps for special uses and have included


information that are not available on a general map.
These maps are intended to be used for specific
purposes by people like pilots, sailors, locomotive
engineers, meteorologists and others.
POLITICAL MAPS

 Emphasize man-made or cultural features, such as


boundaries and location of nations, states, provinces,
countries, and cities.
Physical thematic maps

 May show the distribution of rocks and minerals,


landforms, weather or climate, vegetation, soils, or
such geographic phenomena as magnetic
declination.
 Cultural thematic maps may show the distribution of
population, language, religion, land use,
transportation, or manufacturing.
OTHER TYPES OF MAPS FOR SPECIFIC
PURPOSES

 CLIMATE MAP – shows the amount of rainfall,


temperature, and winds in a particular place.
 POPULATION MAP – reveals population density in
relation to surface features
 ECONOMIC MAP – features the resources, crops,
products, and industries of a place being
represented.
 VEGETATION MAP – outlines the forest, desert,
oceans, grasslands, and other vegetation of a
particular place
 HISTORICAL MAP – depicts the exploration, events,
territorial changes and other relevant historical facts.
 TRAVEL MAP – provides information regarding
roads, railroads, trade routes and other data that will
guide travelers.
 OCEAN MAP- provides data concerning tides,
current, low or deep oceans and other pertinent
information as regards the oceans and seas.
 COMMUNITY MAP – illustrates the streets,
buildings, agencies, harbors and other
establishments in a specific place
Parts of a Map

 Title – the title of a map tells briefly what map is all


about.
 Legend – the legend or key refers to the explanation of
the symbols used on a map for the physical and cultural
features that are indicated which will show the user what
different symbols mean.
 Scale – it indicates the relationship between a certain
distance on the map and the distance on the ground. It is
usually located in the legend box of a map. Map scale is
the relationship or ratio between linear measurement on
a map and its corresponding true distance on the earth’s
surface
 Direction or Orientation – is indicated on some
maps with a north arrow.
 Neatline – is the border of the map. It helps define
the edge of the map area and obviously keeps things
looking neat.
 Color – plays important function on maps.
 Lines of Latitude
 Lines of Longitude

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