Construction Simulation Practice

Team- B1(3)

Guided By - Prof. Gurunath Kampli

Prof. Shashwat Nanjannavar
Prof. Fatheali Shilar
 Team Members
Name USN Roll No.
Avinash Aneppanavar 01FE17BCV013 13
Basavaraj Maskanal 01FE17BCV014 14
Chandrashekhar A. 01FE17BCV021 20
Chidanand M 01FE17BCV022 21
Darshan Bhure 01FE17BCV024 22
Divya Melavanki 01FE17BCV025 23
Hemanth N Pai 01FE17BCV027 25
Hrishikesh Dixit 01FE17BCV028 26
Krishna Shetty 01FE17BCV032 30
Keerthi M Chatrad 01FE17BCV036 34
Objectives

 To establish a plan to complete the project according to client’s requirements

 To create a cost effective system of working to enhance the project
 To finish the project within the stipulated budget
 To complete the project according to the quality required by the client
 To optimize the use of available resources
 To complete the project within the stipulated time
 To establish a efficient communication between the work, client and designers
 To provide apt supervision of the work to ensure economy and quality of work
 To ensure smooth running of the project according to schedule
 PERMISSONS REQUIRED

• Before construction or alteration of any building certain permissions

are to be obtained from local governing body ,these permissions are
called as Building Permissions.
• These permissions are required in order to promote public health,
safety and general social welfare of the community to apply
reasonable on the use of land and buildings by reducing the potential
hazards of unsafe construction.
• All kinds of buildings such as Residential, Commercial, Industrial,
Public and Semipublic buildings etc. require Building Permissions.
• Structures for different purpose of exhibitions, trade fair or circus or
execute any of the works other than repairs, as specified in Sections
299,304 or 312, of the Act shall give an application (Form 1) in
writing to the Authority.
• For buildings having more than G+3 floors some additional
permissions like Civil Aviation and Fire Safety are to be taken from the
concerned Departments.
 Documents to be Enclosed
Possession Certificate/Ownership Certificate
A developer has to prove his ownership on the land up on which he plans to do the
construction work. Grant of Permission by Municipal Department
Property card and latest assessment book extract
Copy of the property card along with the sketch issued by the Department of
Survey and Settlement and Land Records (City Survey) and latest assessment book
extract issued by the Corporation indicating the measurements of the property.
Up to date tax paid receipt
The receipt for having paid up to date property tax to the Corporation shall be
enclosed.
 Key plans
The approved plans must be submitted to concerned authority. These plans should
include site plan, every floor plan, SBC reports, electrical drawings, plumbing and
sanitary drawings, elevation and sectional drawings, etc.
Obtain "no-objection certificate" NOC from the Tree Authority
Obtain NOC from the Sewerage Department
Obtain NOC from the Electric Department
Obtain NOC from Airport Authority of India
Bore well Registration Certificate – (CGWA)
Obtain Building completion certificate from Municipality
After the building construction work is completed, all above NOCs obtained from
authorities and local bodies and all legal formalities fulfilled, a notice in the
prescribed form is submitted to the authority for issue of completion certificate.
 RERA (Real-Estate Regulatory Act)
• RERA is an act for regulation and promotion of the real estate sector to ensure the
sale of apartment, plot or building in an efficient and transparent manner. The
implementation of RERA is expected to bring relief to the homebuyers as builders
will be accountable for the timely delivery of the projects and to protect buyers
from fraud sellers. The developers would also gain from the increased confidence
of the consumers in a regulated environment.
• It is mandatory for the developers to get all approvals from various government
agencies before launching a project and disclose all the information on the website
that the respective state RERA regulatory authority will set up.
• Real estate agents will be provided a registration number by the regulator which
they have to mention in every property sale. This will help in eliminating the
possibility of misleading the purchaser. The authority has wide ranging powers to
impose penalties and imprisonment of agents in case of violation of law.
 Benefits of RERA for homebuyers
• Builders have to disclose every detail of the project on the website of authority and update these
on a regular basis
• The buyer will have to pay only on the basis of carpet area (area within walls). The builder cannot
charge them for the super built-up area (lift, balcony, stairs and lobby)
• Timely completion of projects as 70% of the money collected from the customer has to be
transferred in a separate bank account and can be used only for the purpose of completing the
construction of the project
• Any delay in completion of the project will require the developer to pay an interest rate of 2%
above SBI’s Marginal cost of leading rate to the buyer for delayed period
• Any defect in the building will be the responsibility of builder for a period of 5 years
• Any disputes with the buyers need to be resolved within 120 days
 Registration process for Real Estate Agents
• Fill an application form along with fee and documents to get registered with RERA
• You will receive a registration number from the regulator. This need to be mentioned in every
property sale
• On a quarterly basis, you are required to maintain the books of account, records and documents
related to the transactions
• Share all the information and documents about the project with the buyer
• Agent may be suspended for the misrepresentation or fraud during the registration process
Documents required for registration under RERA
• Following documents should be enclosed in hardcopy with the application:
• PAN Card of the builder
• ITR of last 3 years and the balance sheet of the builder
• Builder must clarify about the apartment (carpet area, number of floors, parking
space)
• Declaration by the builder of having legal title of the land with proof
• Details of the land (rights, title, mortgage)
• If the builder is not the owner of the land, the consent letter of the actual owner
with documents will be required
• Details of the project (location, sanctioned plan, layout plan)
• Ownership documents (proforma of allotment letter, agreement of sale)
• Information of the persons involved (Architects, Engineers and others)
Assumptions:

• The work is completed in different phases

• The water from bore is sufficient for all activities on site
• The batching plant is moved onto the next project after completion of the current
project
• The quality engineer is appointed to look after the quality of materials
• The materials are procured based on requirement on the site
• The electric supply is obtained from exisiting KEB lines and as a standy by
generator is in place
• All construction equipments are tested in terms of safety.
• Proper cover is given to avoid dust entering the existing buildings
 INDIAN LABOUR LAWS
• Minimum wages act 1948
This sets wages for the different economic sectors that it states it will cover.
It leaves a large number of workers unregulated. Central and state
governments have discretion to set wages according to kind of work and
location, and they range between as much as Rs 143 to 1120 per day for
work in the so-called central sphere. State governments have their own
minimum wage schedules.
• Building and other Construction Workers (BOCW) Act – 1996
It is a social welfare legislation that aims to benefit workers engaged in
building and construction activities across the country
• Workmen's Compensation Act, 1923
This requires that compensation is paid if workers are injured in the course
of employment for injuries, or benefits to dependants.
Scheduled Employment Type of worker Rates of wages

Unskilled Rs 373

Semi skilled Rs 437

Construction Skilled Rs 527

Highly Skilled Rs 617

Guidelines as per Act

• Registration of building workers as beneficiaries:

Every building worker who has completed either eighteen years of age, but has
not completed sixty years of age, and who has been engaged in any building or
other construction work for not less than ninety days during the preceding twelve
months shall be eligible for registration as a beneficiary under this Act.
An application for registration shall be made in such form, as may be prescribed,
to the officer authorized by the Board in this behalf.
Every application shall be accompanied by such documents together with such
fee not exceeding fifty rupees as may be prescribed.
• Fixing hours for normal working day :
Provide a day of rest in every period of seven days which shall be allowed to all
building workers and for the payment of remuneration in respect of such days of
rest. No building worker employed in building or other construction work shall be
required or allowed to work for more than nine hours a day or forty-eight hours a
week. In respect of overtime work, he will be entitled to wages at double the
ordinary rate of wages.
• Maintenance of registers and records:
Every employer shall maintain such registers and records giving such particulars
of building workers employed by him, the work performed by them, the number
of hours of work which shall constitute a normal working day for them, a day of
rest in every period of seven days which shall be allowed to them, the wages paid
to them, the receipts given by them and such other particulars in such form as may
be prescribed.
• Drinking water:
The employer shall make in every place where building or other construction
work is in progress, effective arrangements to provide and maintain at suitable
points conveniently situated for all persons employed therein, a sufficient supply
of wholesome drinking water.
• Latrines and urinals:
Every latrine shall be under cover and so partitioned off as to secure privacy, and
shall have a proper door and fastenings. Where both male and female building
workers are employed, there shall be displayed outside each block of latrines or
urinals a notice containing therein ―”For Men Only” or ―”For Women Only”‖,
as the case may be, written in the language understood by the majority of such
workers
• Accommodation:
The employer shall provide, free of charges and within the work site or as near to
it as may be possible, temporary living accommodation to all building workers
employed by him for such period as the building or other construction work is in
progress. The temporary accommodation provided under sub-section shall have
separate cooking place, bathing, washing and lavatory facilities.
• Creches:
In every place wherein, more than fifty female building workers are ordinarily
employed, there shall be provided and maintained a suitable room or rooms for the
use of children under the age of six years of such female workers.
• First aid:
Every employer shall provide in all the places where building or other
construction work is carried on such first-aid facilities as may be prescribed.
• Canteens(Cooking Area) :
The Act requires the employer to provide and maintain in every place the workers
are ordinarily employed, a canteen for the use of the workers. A kitchen, store-
room, pantry and washing places separately for building workers and for utensils
is to be provided.
• Safety Committee and Safety Officers:
The employer shall also appoint a safety officer who shall possess such
qualifications and perform such duties as may be prescribed.
• Notice of certain accidents:
Where in any establishment an accident occurs which causes death or which
causes any bodily injury by reason of which the person injured is prevented from
working for a period of forty-eight hours or more immediately following the
accident, or which is of such nature as may be prescribed, the employer shall give
notice thereof to such authority, in such form and within such time as may be
prescribed.
• Notice of commencement of work:
An employer shall, at least thirty days before the commencement of any building
or other construction work, send or cause to be sent to the Inspector having
jurisdiction in the area where the proposed building or other construction work is
to be executed, a written notice containing the name, address, nature and duration
of work involved in construction. Also it should include machineries used, number
of workers, storage facilities information and name and designation of overall
head of project.
• Fire protection:
An employer shall ensure at a construction site of a building or other construction work
that— (a) such construction site is provided with— (i) fire extinguishing equipment
sufficient to extinguish any probable fire at such construction site; (ii) an adequate water
supply at ample pressure as per national standards.
• Excessive noise, vibration :
An employer shall ensure at a construction site that adequate measures are taken to
protect building workers against the harmful effects of excessive noise or vibration at the
site and the noise level in no case exceeds the limits laid down.
• Eye Protection and Head Protection:
Suitable personal protective equipment for the protection of eyes shall be provided by an
employer and used by the building worker engaged in operations like welding, cutting,
chipping, grinding or similar operations which may cause hazard to his eyes at a building
or other construction work. Every building worker required to pass through or work
within the areas at building or other construction work where there is hazard of his being
struck by falling objects or materials shall be provided by the employer with safety
helmets of type and tested in accordance with the national standards.
• Stacking of materials:
The employer shall ensure, at a construction site of a building or other
construction work that- all building materials are stored or stacked in a safe and
orderly manner to avoid obstruction of any passageway or place of work. Material
piles are stored or stacked in such a manner as to ensure stability. Material or
equipment is not stored upon any floor or platform in such quantity as to exceed
its safe carrying capacity.
• Ambulance Room:
The employer shall ensure at a construction site of a building or other construction
work that in case five hundred or less workers are employed at such construction
site there is an ambulance room at such construction site or an arrangement with a
nearby hospital for providing an ambulance room an such ambulance room is in
the charge of a qualified nurse and the service of such ambulance room is
available to building worker employed at such construction site at every time
when he is at work.
• List of registers to be maintained by employer -
Health register
Muster- Roll
Daily Progress Report
Report of accidents/ dangerous occurrences
Register of Wages
Register for damages or losses or fines
Register of Overtime
Register for periodical tests conducted
Register for materials supplies and storage
Register of vehicular movement at the site
 Comparison
RMC vs Batching Plant
• Grade destination : M20

 Type of cement : OPC 4Grade destination : M30

 Type of cement : OPC 43 grade
 Maximum nominal size of aggregates : 20mm
 Minimum cement content : 320 kg/m³
 Maximum w/c ratio : 0.45
 Workability : 125mm
 Exposure : mild
 Reference : IS 456:2000 (table 4 & 5)
 Specific gravity of cement = 3.1
 Specific gravity of water = 1
 Specific gravity of coarse aggregates = 2.74
 Specific gravity of fine aggregates = 2.69
 Fine Aggregates belong to zone 2 (IS 383:1970 table 4)
 Selection of w/c ratio
From table 5 of IS 456:2000
 Maximum w/c ratio for mild condition is 0.45
 Selection of water content
W=186 kg or 186L
WCORR = 154.2 (CORRECTIONS FOR SLUMP & ADMIXTURES)
 Selection of cement content
154/0.45 = 342 kg/m³
342 kg/m³ > minimum cement content i.e. 320 kg/m³
 Proportion volume of C.A and F.A content
From table 3 of IS 10262:2009
Volume of C.A corresponding to 20mm size aggregate and F.A (zone 2) for
w/c = 0.45 is 0.63
For pumpable Concrete 10% of aggregates are reduced
Volume of C.A. = 0.567
Volume of F.A. = 0.433
a. Volume of concrete = 1m³
b. Volume of cement = 0.1103 m³
c. Volume of water = 0.154 m³
d. Volume of admixture(@2%) = 0.006
e. Volume of all-in aggregates = 0.729
f. Mass of coarse Aggregates = 1116.9 kg
20mm = 502.2 kg
10mm = 613.5 kg
g. Mass of fine aggregates = 850kg
Cost Estimation(per m³)
• Cement = Rs. 1881
• Fine Aggregates = Rs. 935
• Aggregates (20mm) = Rs. 301
• Aggregates (10mm) = Rs. 399
• Admixture = Rs. 477
• Total = Rs 4200 (Considering 5% wastage)
Material Cost = Rs 5,04,00,000
Equipment – Batching Plant = Rs 30,00,000
Pump = Rs 15,00,000
Setup and Operation cost = Rs 5,00,000
Net Cost = Rs 5,54,00,000
RMC Estimate

Price per m³ of M30 Mix – Rs 5400

Net Cost = Rs 6,48,00,000
Savings = Rs 98,00,000
 CARPENTRY
• Carpentry is a skilled trade and a craft in which the primary work performed is the
cutting, shaping and installation of building materials during the construction of
buildings, concrete formwork, etc.
 Carpentry Hand Tools

• Hammer.
• Tape Measure.
• Chisel.
• Carpenter's Pencil.
• Utility Knife.
• Tin Snips.
• Nail Puller.
• Mallet.
 FABRICATION

• Metal fabrication is the creation of metal structures by cutting, bending and

assembling processes. It is a value-added process involving the creation of
machines, parts, and structures from various raw materials.
Standard metal fabrication materials/tools are:

• Plate metal
• Formed and expanded metal
• Tube stock
• Welding wire/welding rod
• Rebar Cutters
• Automatic Rebar Tying Equipment
 Processes
• Construction Estimating - The contractor produces an estimate of the concrete and
reinforcing steel quantities, as well as the amount of formwork and shoring.
• Detailing of Reinforcement - The reinforcing contractor interprets the information
on structural drawings and produces reinforcing steel detail sheets.
• Placing of Reinforcement - Once the reinforcement has been detailed and cut in
the site, placement of the reinforcing steel is carried out by rebar placers.
• Installation of Concrete Formwork and Shoring - Formwork and shoring support
the weight of the wet concrete and other construction loads. Form work is a
temporary structure made of wood.
• Placing and Curing the Concrete - Concrete is then poured and proper curing is
done.
Phases of Construction:

• We have divided the entire construction process into different phases to ensure
safe, fast and economical construction
• This is done to accommodate all the resources at every point of time in
construction
• This enables smooth running of construction activity with very few interruptions
• It is divided into 3 phases to deal with the issue of providing space for various
setups at the site during all times namely batching plant, civil office, sales office,
lab, etc.
Laboratory Setup at the site
Tests to be conducted
Determination of Consistency of Standard Cement Paste
• Reference : IS : 4031 ( Part 4 ) - 1988, IS : 5513-1976
• Theory : For finding out initial setting time, final setting time and soundness of
cement, and strength a parameter known as standard consistency has to be used.
The standard consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency which
will permit a Vicat plunger having 10 mm diameter and 50 mm length to penetrate
to a depth of 33-35 mm from the top of the mould.
• Apparatus : Vicat apparatus conforming to IS : 5513-1976, Balance, Gauging
Trowel, Stop Watch, etc.
Result:
Standard consistency of cement varies between 25% to 30%
 Determination of Setting Time of Standard Cement
• Reference : IS : 4031 ( Pat 4 ) -1988, IS : 4031 ( Pat 5 ) - 1988,
IS : 5513-1976.
• Theory : For convenience, initial setting time is regarded as the time elapsed
between the moments that the water is added to the cement, to the time that the
paste starts losing its plasticity. The final setting time is the time elapsed between
the moment the water is added to the cement, and the time when the paste has
completely lost its plasticity and has attained sufficient firmness to resist certain
definite pressure.
• Apparatus : Vicat apparatus conforming to IS : 5513-1976, Balance, Gauging
Trowel, Stop Watch, etc.
• Result:
 Initial setting time of OPC 43 grade is 30 minutes.
 Final setting time of OPC 43 grade should be less than 10 hours.
 SLUMP TEST
Apparatus:
Concrete mixing pan, weighing balance, spatula, trowels, slump cone-a hollow
frustum made of thin steel sheet with top diameter 100mm;the bottom diameter 200
mm and the height 300 mm, tamping road-16 mm in diameter, 600 mm long and is
bullet pointed at the lower end, scale, measuring jar. IS 1199 - 1999
Theory:
• Unsupported fresh concrete, flows to the sides and a sinking in height takes place.
This vertical settlement is known as slump.
• In this test fresh concrete is filled into a mould of specified shape and dimensions,
and a settlement or slump is measured when supporting mould is removed.
• In this test fresh concrete is filled into a mould of specified shape and dimensions,
and a settlement or slump is measured when supporting mould is removed.
• Slump increases as water content is increased. For different works different slump
values have been recommended.
 Fineness modulus of aggregate
• Reference : IS : 2386 ( Part I) – 1963, IS: 383-1970, IS : 460-1962
• Apparatus: Test Sieves conforming to IS : 460 -1962 Specification of 80 mm, 40 mm, 20
mm, 10 mm, 4.75 mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 0.6mm, 0.3mm, Balance, Gauging Trowel, Stop
Watch, etc.
• Theory : Grading refers to the determination of the particle-size distribution for aggregate.
Grading limits and maximum aggregate size are specified because grading and size affect
the amount of aggregate used as well as cement and water requirements, workability,
pumpability, and durability of concrete. In general, if the water-cement ratio is chosen
correctly, a wide range in grading can be used without a major effect on strength. When gap-
graded aggregate are specified, certain particle sizes of aggregate are omitted from the size
continuum. Gap-graded aggregate are used to obtain uniform textures in exposed aggregate
concrete. Close control of mix proportions is necessary to avoid segregation.
 Determination of Flakiness Index and Elongation
Index of Course Aggregates
• Reference : IS : 2386 ( Part I) – 1963, IS: 383-1970, IS : 460-1962
• Apparatus : The metal gauge shall be of the pattern shown in Fig. 10.1, Balance,
Gauging Trowel, Stop Watch, etc.
• Theory : Particle shape and surface texture influence the properties of freshly mixed
concrete more than the properties of hardened concrete. Rough-textured, angular, and
elongated particles require more water to produce workable concrete than smooth,
rounded compact aggregate. Consequently, the cement content must also be increased
to maintain the water-cement ratio. Generally, flat and elongated particles are avoided
or are limited to about 15 % by weight of the total aggregate.
Result:
• BIS-1241 specifies a Flakiness index should not exceed 30% irrespective of
aggregate size.
• The maximum permitted Elongated index is 35 for 2”-2.5”, 40 for 0.75”- 1.5”.
Determine Compressive Strength of Cubic Concrete
Specimens
• Reference : IS : 516 - 1959, IS: 1199-1959, SP : 23-1982, IS : 10086-1982
• Theory : Age at Test - Tests shall be made at recognized ages of the test
specimens, the most usual being 7 and 28 days. Where it may be necessary to
obtain the early strengths, tests may be made at the ages of 24 hours ± 63 ½ hour
and 72 hours ± 2 hours. The ages shall be calculated from the time of the addition
of water to the dry ingredients. Number of Specimens - At least three specimens,
preferably from different batches, shall be made for testing at each selected age.
Result:
Generator Requirement

• Specifications
Voltage – 220V
Power – 12.5 to 500 KVa
Phase Type – Single Phase, Three Phase
Cost – Rs 5,20,000