CNC Technology

Amasidda R Chinagundi
 HISTORY OF CNC

• US Air Force commissioned MIT to develop the first "numerically

controlled" machine in 1949. It was demonstrated in 1952.
• At 1970-1972 first Computer Numeric Control machines were
developed.
• Today, computer numerical control (CNC) machines are found
almost everywhere, from small job shops in rural communities to
companies in large urban areas.
• Utilization of computers in manufacturing applications has proved
to be one of the most significant advantages & developments over
the last couple of decades in helping to improve the productivity
and efficiency of manufacturing systems
 HISTORY OF CNC

1949
US Air Force asks MIT to develop a "numerically controlled"
machine.

1952
Prototype NC machine demonstrated (punched tape input)

1980-
CNC machines (computer used to link directly to controller)

1990-
DNC: external computer “drip feeds” control programmer to
machine tool controller
 Numerical Control (NC)
 BASIC ELEMENTS OF NC SYSTEM
Programmable automation in which the mechanical actions of a ‘machine tool’ are
controlled by a program containing coded alphanumeric data that represents
relative positions between a work head (e.g., cutting tool) and a work part

Computer Numerical Control

(CNC)
• Storage of more than one part program
• Various forms of program input
• Program editing at the machine tool
• Fixed cycles and programming subroutines
• Communications interface
• Diagnostics
 Vertical machining centre
A vertical machining center (VMC) is a machining center with its
spindle in a vertical orientation. High-end VMCs are high-
precision machines often used for tight-tolerance milling, such as
fine die and mold work. Low-cost vertical machining centers are
among the most basic CNC machine tools.
DEFINITION
• In CNC (Computer Numerical Control), the instructions are
stored as a program in a micro-computer attached to the
machine. The computer will also handle much of the control
logic of the machine, making it more adaptable than earlier
hard-wired controllers.
 CNC APPLICATIONS

• Machining
3D
Turning = Lathes, Turning Centre
Milling =Machining Centre
• Forming
2D
Plasma and Laser Cutting
Blanking, nibbling and punching
3D
Rapid Prototyping
 ADVANTAGES
• Variance reduction
– Time and quality
• Eliminate direct labor.
• Produce increased part complexity
– Contouring
• Improve process efficiencies.
• Can obtain Consistency in cutting time.
• Setup time reduction.
 LIMITATIONS
 High initial cost.
 High maintenance cost.
 Skilled part programmer is required.
 Expensive to repair.
 Expensive tools.
CNC SYSTEM ELEMENTS
 PROGRAM INPUT DEVICE
The program input device is the mechanism for part programs to be entered into
the CNC control. The most commonly used program input devices are keyboards,
punched tape reader, floppy Disk, throgh RS 232 serial ports and networks.

MACHINE CONTROL UNIT

The machine control unit (MCU) is the heart of a CNC system. It is used to perform
the following functions:

Read coded instructions

Decode coded instructions
Implement interpolations (linear, circular, and helical) to generate axis motion
commands
Feed axis motion commands to the amplifier circuits for driving the axis
mechanisms
Receive the feedback signals of position and speed for each drive axis
Implement auxiliary control functions such as coolant or spindle on/off, and tool
change
TYPES OF CNC CONTROL SYSTEMS
Open loop system
• In open-loop control system
step motors are used
• Step motors are driven by
electric pulses
• Every pulse rotates the motor
spindle through a certain
amount
• By counting the pulses, the
amount of motion can be
controlled
• No feedback signal for error
correction
• Lower positioning accuracy
Closed loop system
• In closed-loop control
systems DC or AC motors
are used
• Position transducers are
used to generate position
feedback signals for error
correction
• Better accuracy can be
achieved
• More expensive
• Suitable for large size
machine tools
 DRIVE SYSTEM
A drive system consists of amplifier circuits, stepping motors or
servomotors and ball lead-screws. The MCU feeds control signals
(position and speed) of each axis to the amplifier circuits. The
control signals are augmented to actuate stepping motors which in
turn rotate the ball lead-screws to position the machine table.

MACHINE TOOL
CNC controls are used to control various types of machine tools.
Regardless of which type of machine tool is controlled, it always
has a slide table and a spindle to control of position and speed.
The machine table is controlled in the X and Y axes, while the
spindle runs along the Z axis.
 FEEDBACK SYSTEM
The feedback system is also referred to as the measuring system. It
uses position and speed transducers to continuously monitor the
position at which the cutting tool is located at any particular time.
The MCU uses the difference between reference signals and
feedback signals to generate the control signals for correcting
position and speed errors.
 G & M Codes
Example CNC Program
• G-codes: Preparatory Functions
involve actual tool moves.
• N5 G90 G20
• N10 M06 T3
• N15 M03 S1250 • M-codes: Miscellaneous
• N20 G00 X1 Y1 Functions – involve actions
• N25 Z0.1 necessary for machining (i.e.
• N30 G01 Z-0.125 F5
• N35 X3 Y2 F10
spindle on/off, coolant on/off).
• N40 G00 Z1 • Address codes: specifies Feed rate,
• N45 X0 Y0 spindle speed, tool number etc
• N50 M05
• N55 M30
 G Codes (Preparatory functions)
• G00Rapid traverse
• G01 Linear interpolation
• G02 Circular interpolation,
CW
• G03 Circular interpolation,
CCW
• G04 Dwell
• G28 Machine Zero
• G17 X-Y Plane
• G18 Z-X Plane
• G19 Y-Z Plane
• G21 Metric Units
• G54 to G59 Work Coordinate
system
• G43 Tool Length offset(+)
• G44 Tool Length offset(-)
• G40 Cutter compensation –
cancel
• G41 Cutter compensation –
left
• G42 Cutter compensation-
right
• G71 Metric format
• G80 Fixed canned-cycle cancel
• G81-G89 Fixed cycles
• G90 Absolute dimensions
• G91 Incremental dimensions
• G98 Canned cycle initial point
return
• G99 Canned cycle R point return
M Codes(Miscellaneous Functions)
• M00 Program stop
• M01 Optional program stop
• M02 Program end
• M03 Spindle on clockwise
• M04 Spindle on counterclockwise
• M05 Spindle stop
• M06 Tool change
• M08 Coolant on
• M09 Coolant off
• M10 Clamps on
• M11 Clamps off
• M30 Program stop, reset to start
• M98 subprogram call
• M99 subprogram end
WORD-ADDRESS CODING

Example CNC Program

• N5 G91 G28 Z0;
• N10 G17 G21 G40; Each instruction to the machine consists
• N15 M06 T3; of a letter followed by a number.
• N20 M03 S1250;
• N25 G00 X-1 Y-1; Each letter is associated with a specific
• N30 G01 Z-0.125 F5;
• N35 X3 Y-1 F10; type of action or piece of information
• N40 G00 Z1; needed by the machine.
• N45 X0 Y0;
• N50 M09; Letters used in Codes
• N50 M05;
• N55 M30; N,G,X,Y,Z,A,B,C,I,J,K,F,S,T,R,M
 PART PROGRAM

• A part program is a series of coded instructions required to

produce a part. It controls the movement of the machine tool
and the on/off control of auxiliary functions such as spindle
rotation and coolant. The coded instructions are composed of
letters, numbers and symbols and are arranged in a format of
functional blocks as in the following example
N10 G01 X5.0 Y2.5 F15.0
| | | | |
| | | | Feed rate (15 mm/min)
| | | Y-coordinate (2.5mm)
| | X-coordinate (5.0 mm)
| Linear interpolation mode
Sequence number
 BLOCK FORMAT

Sample Block

N135 G01 X1.0 Y1.0 Z0.125 F5

Restrictions on CNC blocks

• Each may contain only one tool move
• Each may contain any number of non-tool move G-codes
• Each may contain only one feedrate
• Each may contain only one specified tool or spindle speed
• The block numbers should be sequential
• Both the program start flag and the program number must be
independent of all other commands (on separate lines)
• The data within a block should follow the sequence shown in the
above sample block
PROGRAMMING WITHOUT
COMPENSATION
O0001
N10 G91 G28 Z0;
N20 G17 G21;
N30 M06 T03;
N40 G90 G54 X-25.0 Y-25.0 F150;
N50 G43 Z10.0 H3;
N60 M03 S600;
N70 G00 Z10.0;
N80 M08;
N90 G01 X25.0 Y-25.0 F250;
N100 G01 Z-0.5;
N110 G01 X25.0 Y25.0;
N120 G01 75.0 Y125;
N130 G01 X125.0 Y75.0;
N140 G01 X-25.0 Y25.0;
N150 G01 X-25.0 Y-25.0;
N160 G00 Z10.0;
N170 G90 G28 X0 Y0;
N180 M05;
N190 M09;
N200 M03;
 WITH COMPESATION
O0020
N10 G91 G28 Z0;
N20 G17 G21 G40;
N30 M06 T02;
N40 G90 G54 X-30.0 Y-30.0;
N50 G43 Z10.0 H2;
N60 M03 S1500;
N70 M07;
N80 G42 G01 X30.0 Y-30.0 D3 F128;
N90 G01 Z-0.5;
N110 G01 X30.0 Y110.0;
N120 G01 X70.0 Y110.0;
N130 G01 X70.0 Y160.0;
N140 G01 X110.0 Y160.0;
N150 G01 X150.0 Y110.0;
N160 G01 X190.0 Y110.0;
N170 G01 X-30.0 Y110.0;
N180 G01 X-30.0 Y-30.0;
N190 G91 G28 X0 Y0;
N200 M09;
N210 M05;
N220 M40;
N230 M30;
 SUB PROGRAMMING
O0120 O0080;
N10 G91 G28 Z0; N10 G91 G01 Z-0.5 F150;
N20 G17 G21 G40; N20 G90 G41 G01 X5.0 Y-20.0 F150 D3;
N30 M06 T03; N30 G01 X5.0 Y60.0;
N40 G90 G54 X-20.0 Y-20.0; N40 G01 X32.5 Y60.0;
N50 G43 Z10.0 H3; N50 G02 X52.5 Y60.0 R10 F120;
N60 M03 S600; N60 G01 X70.0 Y60.0;
N70 G00 Z10.0; N70 G01 X70.0 Y20.0;
N80 M07; N80 G01 X65.0 Y15.0;
N90 G01 Z0 F150; N90 G01 X25.0 Y15.0;
N100 M98 P100080; N100 G01 X15.0 Y5.0;
N110 GOO Z10.0; N110 G01 X-20.0 Y25.0;
N120 M09; N120 G01 X-20.0 Y0;
N130 M05; N130 G01 X-20.0 Y-20.0;
N140 G91 G28 Z0; N140 G40;
N150 M30; N150 M99;
 CANNED CYCLE
The sequence of machining operations is may be the same for
any part and for any machine. For example, drilling a hole
involves the following steps:

Position the tool above the point where the hole will be drilled

Set the correct spindle speed

Feed the tool into the work piece at a controlled feed rate to a
predetermined depth

Retract the tool at a rapid rate to just above the point where the
hole started
 VARIOUS CYCLES IN
DRILLING
 G81 (SPOT DRILLING/ SIMPLE DRILLING/CENTERING)
G81 X__Y__Z__R__F__
 G82(DRILLING WITH DWELL TIME)
G82 X__Y__Z__R__P__F__
 G83 (PECK DRILLING CYCLE)
G83 X__Y__Z__R__Q__F__
 G84(RIGHT HAND TAPPING CYCLE)
G84 X__Y__Z__R__P__F__K__
 G74(REVERSE TAPPING CYCLE)
G74 X__Y__Z__R__F__
 G85(REAMING CYCLE)
G85 X__Y__Z__R__F__K__
 G86(BORING CYCLE)
G86 X__Y__Z__R__F__K__
 G87(BACK BORING)
G87 X__Y__Z__R__Q__F__
Some Commonly Used Canned Cycle
Code Function Down feed At bottom Retracti
on
G81 Drilling Continuous No action Rapid
feed
G82 Spot face, Continuous Dwell Rapid
counterbore feed
G83 Deep hole drilling Peck No action Rapid
G84 Tapping Continuous Reverse Feed
feed spindle rate
G85 Through boring(in Continuous No action Feed
& out) feed rate

G86 Through boring(in Continuous Stop spindle Rapid

only) feed
 CANNED CYCLE FOR PECK
DRILLING
O1225
N10 G91 G28 Z0;
N20 G17 G21 G40;
N30 M06 T03;
N40 G90 G54 G00 X0 Y0;
N50 G43 Z10.0 H3;
N60 M03 S800;
N70 G00 Z10.0;
N80 M07;
N90 G98/G99 G83 X25.0 Y75.0 Z-10.0 Q4.0 R5.0 F120;
N100 X75.0 Y75.0;
N110 X125.0 Y75.0;
N120 X75.0 Y25.0;
N130 G80;
N140 G90 G28 X0 Y0;
N150 M09;
N160 M05;
N170 M30;
SUBPROGRAMMING IN CANNED
CYCLE
O0008
O0120
N10 G91 G28 Z0;
N20 G17 G21 G40; X20.0 Y60.0;
N30 M06 T03; X40.0 Y40.0;
N40 G90 G54 X0 Y0; X60.0 Y20.0;
N50 G43 Z10.0 H3; X60.0 Y60.0;
N60 M03 S800;
N70 G00 Z10.0;
N80 M07;
N90 G98 G81 X20.0 Y20.0 Z-10.0 R 5.0 F200;
N100 M98 P0120L1;
N110 M99;
N120 M05;
N130 M09;
N140 M30;
THANK YOU