Fungi

1. Anna Al-Thafunnisa

2. Candra Septiana Bintara Putri

3. Dipta Septiya Rena Ningtiyas

4. Fanya Masrufah

5. Vanessa Rizkita Pramono

6. Yudha Dwi
Fungi

A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member

of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes
microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the
more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified
as a kingdom, fungi, which is separate from the other
eukaryotic life kingdoms of plants and animals.
Like animals, fungi are heterotrophs: They cannot
make their own food as plants and algae can.
Body structure

 The most common fungal body structures are multicellular. filaments and single
cells (yeasts).
 The bodies of these fungi typically form a network of tiny filaments called
hyphae (singular, hypha). Hyphae consist of tubular cell walls surrounding the
plasma membrane and cytoplasm of the cells. The cell walls are strengthened by
chitin, a strong but flexible polysaccharide. Another important structural feature
of most fungi is that their hyphae are divided into cells by cross-walls, or septa
(singular, septum)
 Fungal hyphae form an interwoven mass called a mycelium (plural, mycelia) that
infiltrates the material on which the fungus feeds
https://haverfordglobalimpacts2017.wordpress.com/2017/04/26/fungi/
Mycorrhizal fungi

Mycorrhizal fungi (fungi that form mycorrhizae) can improve

delivery of phosphate ions and other minerals to plants because the
vast mycelial networks of the fungi are more efficient than the plants’
roots at acquiring these minerals from the soil. There are two main
types of mycorrhizal fungi :
1. Ectomycorrhizal Fungi
2. Endomycorrhizal Fungi
https://tatangsma.com/2015/05/pengertian-dan-jenis-
mikoriza.html
Reproduction in fungi.

– Sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction often begins when hyphae from two
mycelia release sexual signaling molecules called pheromones. When
the hyphae meet, they fuse. In species with such a “compatibility
test,” this process contributes to genetic variation by preventing
hyphae from fusing with other hyphae from the same mycelium or
another genetically identical mycelium.
The union of the cytoplasms of two parent mycelia is known
as plasmogamy. In some species, the haploid nuclei pair off two to a
cell, one from each parent.
 During karyogamy, the haploid nuclei contributed by the two
parents fuse, producing diploid cells. Zygotes and other transient structures form
during karyogamy, the only diploid stage in most fungi
Meiosis is a key step in sexual reproduction, so spores produced in this
way are sometimes referred to as “sexual spores.” The sexual processes of
karyogamy and meiosis generate extensive genetic variation, a prerequisite for
natural selection.
asexual reproduction

As with sexual reproduction, the processes of asexual reproduction

vary widely among fungi. Many fungi reproduce asexually by
growing as filamentous fungi that produce (haploid) spores by
mitosis; such species are informally referred to as molds if they form
visible mycelia. Other fungi reproduce asexually by growing as
single-celled yeasts. Instead of producing spores, asexual
reproduction in yeasts occurs by ordinary cell division or by the
pinching of small “bud cells” off a parent cell
The origin of Fungi

The first fungal lineage is flagella. DNA sequence data also indicates that
fungi are more closely related to several groups of single-celled protists than they
are sting that the ancestor of fungi was unicellular. One such group of unicellular
protists, the nucleariids, consists of amoebas that feed on algae and bacteria.
Exploring Fungal Diversity

 Cythrids (1,000 species)

chytrids have flagellated spores and are thought to
include some of the earliest fungal groups to diverge
from other fungi
https://www.biologijk.com/2018/03/Chytridiomycota.html?m=0
  Zygomycetes (1,000 species)
The hyphae of some zygomycetes, including this mold
in the genus Mucor (LM), grow rapidly on foods such
as fruits and bread. As such, the fungi may act as decomposers (if the food is not
alive) or parasites; other
species live as neutral (commensal) symbionts.

https://www.biologijk.com/2018/03/zygomycota.html?m=0
Glomeromycetes (160 species)
The glomeromycetes form arbuscular mycorrhizae with plant roots,
supplying minerals and other nutrients to the roots

https://www.biologijk.com/2018/03/glomeromycota.html?m=0
 Ascomycetes (65,000 species)
Also called sac fungi, members of this diverse group
are common to many marine, freshwater, and terrestrial
habitats.

https://en.m.Wikipedia.org/wiki/ https://www.sahabatnestle.co.id/content
saccharomyces_cerevisiae /gaya-hidup-sehat/inspirasi-
kesehatan/bikin-tempe-sendiri-begini-
triknya.html
 Basidiomycetes (30,000 species)
The fruiting bodies— commonly called mushrooms—of this
fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) are a familiar sight in.

https://www.wahanaindonesia.com/08/04/2019/4375/jamur-
merang-penggerak-ekonomi-masyarakat-susukan/